Mifananidzo (José Iturbi) |

Jose Iturbi

Nhoroondo yehupenyu hwemupiyano wekuSpain inoyeuchidza zvishoma nezvechiitiko cheHollywood biopic, kusvika panguva iyo Iturbi akatanga kunakidzwa nemukurumbira wenyika, izvo zvakamuita gamba chairo remafirimu akati wandei akapfurwa muguta guru reAmerican cinema. Pane zvakawanda zvezvinoitika munyaya iyi, uye mafaro ekupedzisira, uye zverudo, zvisinei, kazhinji, hazvigoneke. Kana iwe ukasiya parutivi iyo yekupedzisira, saka kunyangwe ipapo iyo firimu ingadai yakave inonakidza.

Mumwe chizvarwa cheValencia, Iturbi kubva pauduku akatarisa basa rababa vake, tuner yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi, pazera remakore 6 akatotsiva nhengo inorwara muchechi yeko, achiwana peseta yake yekutanga uye yaidiwa zvikuru yemhuri yake. Kwapera gore, mukomana aive nebasa rechigarire - akaperekedza kuratidzwa kwemafirimu mune yakanakisa bhaisikopo yeguta nekuridza piyano yake. José aiwanzopedza maawa gumi nemaviri aripo - kubva maviri masikati kusvika maviri mangwanani, asi achiri kukwanisa kuwana mari yakawedzerwa pamichato nemabhora, uye mangwanani kutora zvidzidzo kubva kumudzidzisi weConservatory X. Belver, kuti aperekedze mu kirasi yezwi. Sezvaaikura, akadzidzawo kwenguva yakati muBarcelona naJ. Malats, asi zvaiita sokuti kushayikwa kwemari kwaizokanganisa basa rake reunyanzvi. Sezvo runyerekupe rwunoenda (zvichida rwakagadzirwa mukuona kwemashure), vagari veValencia, vachiziva kuti tarenda remuimbi wechidiki, uyo akazova mudiwa weguta rose, akanga achinyangarika, akaunganidza mari yakakwana kuti amutumire kudzidza kuParis.

Pano, muurongwa hwake, zvinhu zvose zvakaramba zvakafanana: masikati akapinda makirasi panzvimbo yekuchengetedza, apo V. Landovskaya aiva pakati pevadzidzisi vake, uye manheru uye usiku akawana chingwa chake uye pokugara. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi kusvika muna 1912. Asi, mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory, Iturbi ane makore gumi nemanomwe akagamuchira kukokwa kunzvimbo yemukuru wedhipatimendi repiyano yeGeneva Conservatory, uye kuguma kwake kwakachinja zvikuru. Akapedza makore mashanu (17-1918) muGeneva, ndokubva atanga hunyanzvi hwekuita basa.

Iturbi akasvika muUSSR muna 1927, atova pakakwirira mukurumbira wake, uye akakwanisa kukwezva kutarisisa kunyangwe nekumashure kwevakawanda vakanaka vekumba nekune dzimwe nyika. Chii chaikwezva muchitarisiko chake chaive chokwadi chekuti Iturbi haina kukodzera muchimiro che "stereotype" yemuimbi weSpain - ine dutu, nzira dzakanyanyisa uye manzwiro erudo. “Iturbi akaratidza kuva muimbi anofunga uye ane mweya ane hunhu hwakajeka, ane mavara, pane dzimwe nguva mutinhimira unokwezva, ruzha rwakanaka uye rune muto; anoshandisa hunyanzvi hwake, hunoshamisa mukureruka kwayo uye kuita zvakasiyana-siyana, zvine mwero uye nehunyanzvi, ”G. Kogan akanyora ipapo. Pakati pezvikanganiso zvemuimbi, vezvenhau vakati saloon, akasiyana nemaune ekuita.

Kubva pakupera kwe20s, United States yave musimboti wezviitwa zveIturbi zvinowedzera kuwanda. Kubva 1933, anga achitamba pano kwete semuimbi wepiyano chete, asiwo semutungamiri, achishingaira kusimudzira mimhanzi yeSpain neLatin America; kubva 1936-1944 akatungamira Rochester Symphony Orchestra. Mumakore mamwe chetewo, Iturbi aifarira kuumbwa uye akagadzira akati wandei akakosha orchestral uye piyano nziyo. Basa rechina remuimbi rinotanga - anoita semutambi wemufirimu. Kutora chikamu mumafirimu emimhanzi "A Thousand Ovations", "Vasikana Vaviri uye Mufambisi Wechikepe", "Rwiyo Rwekurangarira", "Mimhanzi yeMamirioni", "Anchors to the Deck" uye vamwe vakamuunza mukurumbira mukuru, asi kusvika pamwero wakati. zvimwe yakadzivisa kumira pakati pevatambi vepiyano vakurusa vomuzana redu ramakore. Chero zvazvingava, A. Chesins mubhuku rake nenzira yakarurama anodana Iturbi kuti “nyanzvi ine runako uye magineti, asi ine kombamiro yakati yokutsauswa; muimbi akatamira kunzvimbo dzakakwirira dzepiyano, asi akatadza kunyatsoita zvishuvo zvake. Iturbi aisakwanisa nguva dzose kuchengetedza pianistic fomu, kuunza kududzira kwake pakukwana. Zvisinei, hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti, "kudzingirira mahare akawanda", Iturbi haana kubata imwe chete: tarenda yake yakanga yakakura zvokuti munzvimbo ipi zvayo yaakaedza ruoko rwake, aiva nerombo. Uye, chokwadi, unyanzvi hwepiyano hwakaramba huri nzvimbo huru yebasa rake uye rudo.

Chibvumikiso chinopwisa zvikurusa cheizvi ibudiriro yakafanira yaakava nayo somuimbi wepiyano kunyange muukweguru hwake. Muna 1966, paakaita zvakare munyika yedu, Iturbi akanga atova nemakore anopfuura 70, asi kunaka kwake kuchiri kuita pfungwa yakasimba. Uye kwete hunhu chete. "Maitiro ake, chekutanga, tsika yepiyano yepamusoro, iyo inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana hukama hwakajeka pakati pehupfumi hwepaleti yeruzha uye rhythmic temperament nekunaka kwechisikigo uye kunaka kwemazwi. Hushingi, kanzira kakaomarara ketoni kakasanganiswa mukuita kwake nekudziya kusinganzwisisike kuri hunhu hwevatambi vakuru, "bepanhau reSoviet Culture rakadaro. Kana mukududzirwa kwemabasa makuru aMozart naBeethoven Iturbi aisagara achigutsa, dzimwe nguva akanyanya kudzidza (pamwe nekunaka kwekuravira uye kufunga kwepfungwa), uye mubasa raChopin akanga ari pedyo nerwiyo pane iyo inoshamisa. kutanga, ipapo kududzirwa kwemupiyano wenziyo dzine mavara dzeDebussy, Ravel, Albeniz, de Falla, Granados yakanga izere nenyasha dzakadaro, hupfumi hwemumvuri, fungidziro uye chido, izvo zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa pachikuva chekonzati. "Chiso chekugadzira cheIturbi yanhasi haina kupesana kwemukati," tinoverenga mujenari "Mabasa uye Maonero." "Izvo zvinopokana izvo, zvichipesana, zvinotungamira kune dzakasiyana hunyanzvi mhedzisiro zvichienderana nerepertoire yakasarudzwa.

Kune rimwe divi, mutambi wepiyano anovavarira kuomarara, kunyangwe kuzvidzora munharaunda yemanzwiro, dzimwe nguva kuita nemaune, kuchinjisa zvinhu zvemimhanzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, kunewo unhu hukuru hwechisikigo, "nerve" yemukati, iyo inonzwisiswa nesu, uye kwete chete nesu, sechinhu chinokosha chechimiro cheSpain: zvirokwazvo, chitambi chenyika chinogara kune vose. dudziro dzayo, kunyange kana mimhanzi iri kure kwazvo neSpanish ruvara. Ndiwo mativi maviri aya anoita senge polar ehunhu hwake hwehunyanzvi, kudyidzana kwavo kunotemesa maitiro eIturbi yanhasi.

Basa rakasimba raJose Iturbi harina kumira kunyange mukukwegura. Akatungamira maokestra munharaunda yake yeValencia uye muguta reAmerica reBridgeport, akaenderera mberi nekudzidza kuumbwa, kunoitwa uye kurekodha pamarekodhi semuimbi wepiyano. Akapedza makore ake ekupedzisira muLos Angeles. Pachiitiko chemakore makumi manomwe neshanu ekuzvarwa kwemuimbi, marekodhi akati wandei akaburitswa pasi pezita rekuti "Pfuma yeIturbi", ichipa pfungwa yehukuru uye chimiro chehunyanzvi hwake, yerwiyo rwake rwakakura uye rwakajairwa rwemuimbi wepiyano ane rudo. . Bach, Mozart, Chopin, Beethoven, Liszt, Schumann, Schubert, Debussy, Saint-Saens, kunyange Czerny padivi nevanyori veSpanish pano, vachigadzira iyo motley asi yakajeka panorama. Dhisiki rakasiyana rakatsaurirwa kumitambo yepiyano yakanyorwa naJosé Iturbi muduti nehanzvadzi yake, mutambi wepiyano akanakisa Amparo Iturbi, waakaita naye pamwe chete pachikuva chekonzati kwemakore mazhinji. Uye zvese izvi zvakarekodhwa zvakare zvinogonesa kuti Iturbi akakodzera kuzivikanwa semupiyano mukuru muSpain.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.