Oscar Yakakangwa |

Oskar Fried

Mukutanga chaiko kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, munyori wechidiki Oskar Fried akakokwa kuVienna kuti aite mutambo we "Bacchic Song" yake mukonzati yesymphony. Panguva iyoyo, akanga asati ambofanira kusimuka seri kwestand yakondakita, asi akabvuma. MuVienna, vasati vadzokorora, Fried akasangana nemukurumbira Gustav Mahler. Pashure pokunge ataura naFried kwemaminitsi anoverengeka, akaerekana ataura kuti aizoita muitisi akanaka. Uye kumubvunzo wakashamisika wemuimbi wechidiki, uyo Mahler akanga asati amboona pachikuva, akawedzera kuti: "Ndinonzwa vanhu vangu pakarepo."

Muimbi mukuru haana kukanganisa. Zuva rekutanga reVienna rakaratidza kutanga kwebasa remutyairi akanaka. Oscar Fried akauya nhasi, atova nehupenyu hwakawanda uye ruzivo rwemimhanzi shure kwake. Semwana, baba vake vakamuendesa kuchikoro chakazvimiririra chehunyanzvi chevaimbi. Vakomana gumi nevaviri nehafu vakadzidziswa vachitungamirirwa nemuridzi kuridza zviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana, uye munzira vaiita mabasa akaderera akapoteredza imba, airidzwa usiku hwose pamapati, mumabhawa. Pakupedzisira, murume wechidiki uyu akatiza muridzi uye akadzungaira kwenguva yakareba, achitamba mudiki ensembles, kusvika muna 1889 akawana basa semutambi wenyanga muFrankfurt am Main Symphony Orchestra. Pano akasangana nemuimbi ane mukurumbira E. Humperdinck, uye iye, aona tarenda rake rakaisvonaka, akamupa zvidzidzo nokuzvidira. Zvadaro famba zvakare - Dusseldorf, Munich, Tyrol, Paris, maguta eItaly; Fried aive nenzara, achipenya mwedzi sezvaaifanira kuita, asi akaomesa musoro akanyora mimhanzi.

Kubva 1898, akagara muBerlin, uye munguva pfupi ramangwana rakamufarira: Karl Muck akaita "Bacchic Song" yake mune imwe yemakonzati, izvo zvakaita kuti zita raFrida rikurumbire. Nziyo dzake dzakabatanidzwa mune repertoire ye orchestra, uye pashure pokunge iye pachake atanga kuitisa, mukurumbira wemuimbi wacho unokura nokusvetuka nemiganhu. Nechekare mumakore gumi okutanga ezana ramakore rechi 1901, akaita munzvimbo dzakawanda zvikurusa dzenyika, kubatanidza kwenguva yokutanga pakushanya muMoscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv; muna 1907, Fried akava mutungamiriri mukuru weSinging Union muBerlin, uko kwaya yaLiszt yainzwika kuva yakaisvonaka mukutungamirira kwake, uye ipapo akanga ari mutungamiriri mukuru weNew Symphony Concertos neBlütner Orchestra. Muna XNUMX, yekutanga monograph nezve O. Fried yakabudiswa muGermany, yakanyorwa nemukurumbira wemimhanzi P. Becker.

Mumakore iwayo, mufananidzo weunyanzvi weFried wakaumbwa. Hukuru nekudzika kwemaitiro ake ekuita zvakasanganiswa nekurudziro uye chido chekududzira. Mavambo eugamba akanga ari pedyo zvikuru naye; nzira dzine simba dzevanhu dzemabasa makuru echinyakare symphonism - kubva kuMozart kuenda kuMahler - yakapfuudzwa kwavari nesimba risingaenzaniswi. Pamwe chete neizvi, Fried akanga ari muparidzi anoshingaira uye asinganeti wezvitsva: zvakawanda zvekutanga zvemabasa naBusoni, Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Sibelius, F. Dilius anobatanidzwa nezita rake; ndiye akatanga kuzivisa vateereri munyika dzakawanda kune akati wandei mabasa akaitwa naMahler, R. Strauss, Scriabin, Debussy, Ravel.

Fried aiwanzoshanyira Russia mumakore asati achinja, uye muna 1922 iye, wekutanga wevaimbi veWestern vane mukurumbira pasi rose, akasarudza kuuya kuzoshanyira nyika yechidiki yeSoviet, akakuvadzwa nehondo yevagari vemo. Danho reushingi uye rakanaka rakatorwa nenyanzvi yagara iri pedyo nekutenda kwepamusoro. Pakushanya ikoko, Fried akagamuchirwa naVI Lenin, uyo akataura naye kwenguva refu “nezvebasa rehurumende yevashandi mundima yenziyo.” Hurukuro yekusuma kumakonzati aFrid yakataurwa naPeople's Commissar of Education AV Lunacharsky, uyo akadana Frid "muimbi anodiwa kwatiri" uye akaongorora kusvika kwake "sechiratidzo chekutanga kupenya kwekutanga kwekubatana pakati pevanhu mundima yehunyanzvi. ” Zvirokwazvo, muenzaniso waFried wakakurumidza kuteverwa navamwe vanatenzi vakuru.

Mumakore akatevera, kufamba-famba munyika yose - kubva kuBuenos Aires kuenda kuJerusarema, kubva kuStockholm kuenda kuNew York - Oscar Fried akauya kuU.SR anenge gore negore, kwaakafarira mukurumbira mukuru. Uye muna 1933, pashure pokunge vaNazi vatanga kutonga, akamanikidzwa kubuda muGermany, akasarudza Soviet Union. Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Fried aive mutungamiriri mukuru weAll-Union Radio Symphony Orchestra, akafamba achishingaira munyika yose yeSoviet, iyo yakava imba yake yechipiri.

Pakuvamba chaiko kwehondo, pakati pemishumo yemazuva ekutanga anotyisa ehondo, chinyorwa cherufu chakabuda mupepanhau rinonzi Sovetskoe Iskusstvo, chichizivisa kuti “pashure pokurwara kwenguva refu, kondakita ane mukurumbira pasi rose Oscar Fried akafa muMoscow.” Kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake, haana kusiya mabasa ekugadzira uye evanhu. Muchinyorwa chinoti “Zvinotyisa zveFascism”, chakanyorwa nenyanzvi yemifananidzo nguva pfupi asati afa, makanga mune mitsetse inotevera: “Pamwe chete navanhu vose vanofambira mberi, ndinopwiswa zvikuru kuti fascism ichaparadzwa muiyi hondo inokosha.”

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek