Nikolai Rubinstein (Nikolai Rubinstein) |

Nikolai Rubinstein

Russian piyano, kondakita, mudzidzisi, mumhanzi uye paruzhinji chimiro. Mukoma wa AG Rubinstein. Kubva pazera re4 akadzidza kuridza piyano achitungamirirwa naamai vake. Muna 1844-46 aigara muBerlin naamai vake nehanzvadzi, kwaakatora zvidzidzo kubva kuna T. Kullak (piano) uye Z. Dehn (kuwirirana, polyphony, mafomu emimhanzi). Paakadzokera kuMoscow, akadzidza neAI Villuan, waakaita naye rwendo rwake rwekutanga konzati (1846-47). Mukutanga 50s. akapinda mutemo fakaroti Moscow University (akapedza kudzidza muna 1855). Muna 1858 akatangazve kuita konzati (Moscow, London). Muna 1859 akatanga kuvhurwa kwebazi reMoscow reRMS, kubva muna 1860 kusvika pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake akanga ari sachigaro uye mutungamiriri wemakonzati esymphony. Makirasi emimhanzi akarongwa naye paRMS akashandurwa muna 1866 kuva Moscow Conservatory (kusvikira 1881 purofesa wayo uye mutungamiriri).

Rubinstein ndomumwe wevatambi vepiyano vane mukurumbira panguva yake. Zvakadaro, hunyanzvi hwake hwekuridza hwaizivikanwa zvishoma kunze kweRussia (chimwe chezvaive kunze kwaive kutamba kwake kwekukunda pamakonzati eWorld Exhibition, Paris, 1878, kwaakaridza 1st Piano Concerto naPI Tchaikovsky). Kunyanya akapa makonzati muMoscow. Repertoire yake yakanga ichivhenekera muzvisikwa, inoshamisa muhupamhi hwayo: concertos yepiyano uye orchestra naJS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, AG Rubinstein; anoshandira piyano naBeethoven uye vamwe vanyori vekirasi uye kunyanya rudo - R. Schumann, Chopin, Liszt (wekupedzisira akafunga Rubinstein mutambi wepamusoro we "Dance of Death" yake uye akazvitsaurira "Fantasy on the Themes of the Ruins of Athens" yake. iye). Mutsigiri wemimhanzi yeRussia, Rubinstein akadzokorora kuita fungidziro yepiyano yaBalakirev "Islamey" uye zvimwe zvidimbu nevanyori veRussia vakazvitsaurira kwaari. Basa raRubinstein rakasarudzika semuturikiri wemumhanzi wepiyano waTchaikovsky (mutambi wekutanga wezvakawanda zvenziyo dzake), akazvitsaurira kuna Rubinstein 2nd concerto yepiyano uye orchestra, "Russian Scherzo", iyo yerudo "Saka chii! ...", akanyora piano vatatu "Memory" parufu rwaRubinstein muimbi mukuru.

Mutambo waRubinstein waisiyaniswa nehupamhi hwayo, kugona kwehunyanzvi, kuwirirana kusanganiswa kwemanzwiro uye zvine musoro, stylistic kukwana, pfungwa yekuenzana. Yakanga isina iyo spontaneity, iyo yakacherechedzwa mumutambo we AG Rubinshtein. Rubinstein akaitawo mukamuri ensembles naF. Laub, LS Auer nevamwe.

Mabasa aRubinstein semutyairi aive akanyanya. Makonzati anopfuura 250 eRMS muMoscow, makonzati akawanda muSt. Petersburg nemamwe maguta akaitwa achitungamirirwa naye. MuMoscow, pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaRubinstein, mabasa makuru e oratorio uye symphonic akaitwa: cantatas, ruzhinji rweJS Bach, zvinyorwa kubva mumashoko eGF Handel, symphonies, opera overtures uye Requiem naWA Mozart, symphonic overtures, piano uye. violin concertos (ine orchestra) naBeethoven, ese symphonies uye akawanda makuru mabasa naF. Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, overtures uye zvinyorwa kubva mumitambo naR. Wagner. Rubinstein akakurudzira kuumbwa kwechikoro chenyika. Aigara achibatanidza muzvirongwa zvake mabasa evanyori veRussia - MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, AG Rubinstein, Balakirev, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Mazhinji emabasa aTchaikovsky akaitwa kekutanga pasi pebaton yaRubinstein: 1st-4th symphonies (yekutanga yakatsaurirwa kuna Rubinstein), 1st suite, nhetembo yesymphonic "Fatum", the overture-fantasy "Romeo naJuliet", the symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", "Italian Capriccio", mimhanzi yengano yechirimo naAN Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden", nezvimwewo. Akanga ariwo mutungamiriri wemimhanzi uye mutungamiri wemitambo ye opera paMoscow Conservatory, kusanganisira yekutanga kugadzirwa. ye opera "Eugene Onegin" (1). Rubinstein semutyairi akasiyaniswa nekuda kwake kukuru, kukwanisa kukurumidza kudzidza zvidimbu zvitsva ne orchestra, kururamisa uye plastiki yechiratidzo chake.

Somudzidzisi, Rubinstein akarera kwete chete virtuosos, asiwo vaimbi vakadzidza. Akanga ari munyori wezvidzidzo, maererano nazvo kwemakore akawanda kudzidzisa kwaiitwa mumakirasi epiyano eMoscow Conservatory. Nheyo yezvidzidzo zvake yaiva chidzidzo chakadzama chezvinyorwa zvemimhanzi, kunzwisiswa kwechimiro chekufananidzira chebasa uye nhoroondo uye maitiro ezvinyorwa zvinoratidzwa mairi kuburikidza nekuongorora zvinhu zvemutauro wemimhanzi. Nzvimbo huru yakapihwa kuratidzwa kwemunhu. Pakati pevadzidzi veRubinstein ndiSI Taneev, AI Ziloti, E. Sauer, NN Kalinovskaya, F. Friedenthal, RV Genika, NA Muromtseva, A. Yu. Zograf (Dulova) nevamwe. Taneyev akatsaurira cantata "John weDhamasiko" kundangariro yemudzidzisi.

Zviitwa zvemumhanzi uye zvemagariro zvaRubinstein, zvine chekuita nekukwira kwevanhu kwema50s ne60s, zvakasiyaniswa nedemocracy, yedzidzo. Mukuedza kuita kuti mimhanzi iwanike kune vakasiyana-siyana vateereri, akaronga zvinodaidzwa. folk concerts. Semutungamiriri weMoscow Conservatory, Rubinshtein akawana hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwevadzidzisi nevadzidzi, kushandurwa kwenzvimbo yekuchengetera kuti ive chikoro chepamusoro chedzidzo, hutungamiriri hwemubatanidzwa (akakoshesa zvikuru kanzuru yehunyanzvi), dzidzo yevaimbi vakadzidza zvakasiyana-siyana (kunyanya kukoshesa zvemimhanzi uye mimhanzi). theoretical disciplines). Achinetseka pamusoro pekusikwa kwevashandi vekuimba uye vekudzidzisa, akakwezva kudzidzisa, pamwe naLaub, B. Kosman, J. Galvani nevamwe, Tchaikovsky, GA Laroche, ND Kashkin, AI Dyubyuk, NS Zverev, AD Aleksandrov-Kochetov, DV. Razumovsky, Taneev. Rubinstein akatungamirirawo madhipatimendi emimhanzi ePolytechnical (1872) uye All-Russian (1881) kuratidzwa. Akaita zvakawanda mumakonzati erudo, muna 1877-78 akashanyira maguta eRussia achifarira Red Cross.

Rubinstein ndiye munyori wezvimedu zvepiyano (yakanyorwa muhuduku hwake), kusanganisira mazurka, bolero, tarantella, polonaise, nezvimwewo (yakabudiswa naJurgenson), orchestral overture, mimhanzi yekutamba naVP Begichev uye AN Kanshin ” Cat and Mouse (orchestral). uye nhamba dzekwaya, 1861, Maly Theatre, Moscow). Aive mupepeti wechiRussian edition yeMendelssohn's Complete Piano Works. Kekutanga muRussia, akabudisa mazita erudo akasarudzwa (nziyo) naSchubert naSchumann (1862).

Aine pfungwa yepamusoro yebasa, kuterera, kusava nehanya, aifarira mukurumbira mukuru muMoscow. Gore negore, kwemakore akawanda, makonzati ekuyeuka Rubinstein akaitwa kuMoscow Conservatory uye RMO. Mumakore ekuma1900 kwaive nedenderedzwa reRubinstein.

LZ Korabelnikova