Nikolai Karlovich Medtner |

Nikolai Medtner

Ini pakupedzisira ndiri mune art isina muganhu Ndasvika padanho repamusoro. Glory akandisekerera; Ndiri mumoyo yevanhu ndakawana kuwirirana nezvisikwa zvangu. A. Pushkin. Mozart uye Salieri

N. Medtner inotora nzvimbo inokosha munhoroondo yeRussia uye pasi rose mimhanzi tsika. Muimbi wehunhu hwepakutanga, muimbi anoshamisa, piano uye mudzidzisi, Medtner haana kubatanidza chero emhando dzemimhanzi hunhu hwehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Kusvika chikamu kune aesthetics yeGerman romantics (F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann), uye kubva kuvanyori vekuRussia kuenda kuS. Taneyev naA. Glazunov, Medtner aive panguva imwe cheteyo muimbi arikuvavarira kutsva kwekusika horizons, ane zvakawanda zvakajairika neyakajeka innovation. Stravinsky uye S. Prokofiev.

Medtner akabva kumhuri yakapfuma mutsika dzehunyanzvi: amai vake vaive mumiriri wemhuri yakakurumbira yekuimba Gedike; mukoma Emilius aiva muzivi, munyori, mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi (pseudo Wolfing); imwe hama, Alexander, anoridza violin uye kondakita. Muna 1900, N. Medtner akapedza kudzidza kubva kuMoscow Conservatory mukirasi yepiyano yaV. Safonov. Panguva imwecheteyo, akadzidzawo kuumbwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaS. Taneyev uye A. Arensky. Zita rake rakanyorwa padombo remarble reMoscow Conservatory. Medtner akatanga basa rake nekuita kwakabudirira paIII International Competition. A. Rubinstein (Vienna, 1900) uye akahwina kuzivikanwa semunyori nenziyo dzake dzekutanga (piano cycle "Mood Pictures", nezvimwewo). Inzwi raMedtner, muimbi wepiyano uye munyori wenziyo, rakakurumidza kunzwika nevaimbi vane hanya zvakanyanya. Pamwe chete nemakonzati akaitwa naS. Rachmaninov naA. Scriabin, makonzati emunyori weMedtner aive zviitiko muhupenyu hwemimhanzi muRussia nekune dzimwe nyika. M. Shahinyan vakayeuka kuti madekwana aya “akanga ari zororo ravateereri.”

Muna 1909-10 uye 1915-21. Medtner akanga ari purofesa wepiyano paMoscow Conservatory. Pakati pevadzidzi vake pane vazhinji gare gare vaimbi vakakurumbira: A. Shatskes, N. Shtember, B. Khaikin. B. Sofronitsky, L. Oborin akashandisa zano raMedtner. Kuma20s. Medtner aive nhengo yeMUZO Narkompros uye aigara achitaurirana naA. Lunacharsky.

Kubva 1921, Medtner anga achigara kunze kwenyika, achipa makonzati muEurope uye USA. Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake kusvika pakufa kwake, aigara muEngland. Makore ose akapedza kunze kwenyika, Medtner akaramba ari muimbi weRussia. "Ndinorota ndichisvika munyika yangu uye ndichitamba pamberi pevateereri vangu," akanyora mune imwe yetsamba dzake dzekupedzisira. Medtner's yekugadzira nhaka inovhara anopfuura makumi matanhatu opus, mazhinji acho ari piyano nziyo uye dzerudo. Medtner akabhadhara mutero kune yakakura fomu mumakonsati ake matatu epiyano uye muBallad Concerto, iyo chamber-instrumental rudzi inomiririrwa nePiano Quintet.

Mumabasa ake, Medtner inyanzvi yepakutanga uye yechokwadi yenyika, achiratidza zvine hunyanzvi maitiro ehunyanzvi enguva yake. Mimhanzi yake inoratidzirwa nekunzwa kwehutano hwemweya uye kuvimbika kune zvakanakisisa zvinorayira zvekirasi, kunyange zvazvo munyori aive nemukana wekukunda kusava nechokwadi kwakawanda uye dzimwe nguva anozvitaura mumutauro wakaoma. Izvi zvinoratidza kufanana pakati peMedtner nevadetembi venguva yake saA. Blok naAndrei Bely.

Nzvimbo yepakati mune yekusika nhaka yeMedtner inogarwa ne14 piano sonatas. Vachirova nehunyanzvi hwekukurudzira, vane nyika yese yemifananidzo yemimhanzi yakadzama yepfungwa. Ivo vanoratidzwa nehupamhi hwekusiyanisa, kunakidzwa kwerudo, mukati memukati uye panguva imwechete inodziya kufungisisa. Mamwe ma sonatas ane programmatic muzvarirwo ("Sonata-elegy", "Sonata-ngano", "Sonata-remembrance", "Romantic sonata", "Thunderous sonata", nezvimwewo), ese akasiyana kwazvo muchimiro. uye mifananidzo yemimhanzi. Saka, semuenzaniso, kana imwe yeanonyanya kukosha epic sonatas (op. 25) iri dhirama rechokwadi mumanzwi, mufananidzo mukuru wemumhanzi wekuitwa kwenhetembo yehuzivi yaF. Tyutchev "Uri kuchema nei, mhepo yeusiku", zvino "Sonata-remembrance" (kubva kutenderera Forgotten Motives, op.38) inozadzwa nenhetembo yekunyora kwechokwadi kweRussia rwiyo, mazwi akapfava emweya. Boka rine mukurumbira zvikuru renziyo dzepiyano rinonzi "ngano" (rudzi rwakagadzirwa naMedtner) uye rinomiririrwa nematenderedzwa gumi. Uyu muunganidzwa wemitambo ine lyrical-inorondedzera uye lyrical-inoshamisira mitambo ine madingindira akasiyana-siyana ("Russian Fairy Tale", "Lear in the Steppe", "Knight's Procession", nezvimwewo). Hapana ane mukurumbira mashoma matatu mapiyano zvidimbu pasi pezita rekuti "Forgotten Motifs".

Piano concertos naMedtner akakosha uye anoswedera symphonies, akanakisa paari ndewekutanga (1921), ane mifananidzo inofemerwa nekusagadzikana kunotyisa kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.

Kudanana kwaMedtner (kupfuura zana) kwakasiyana-siyana uye kunonyatsoratidza, kazhinji iwo mazwi anodzorwa ane huzivi hwakadzama. Vanowanzo kunyorwa muchimiro chenzwi renziyo, vachiratidza nyika yemweya yemunhu; vakawanda vakazvipira kumifananidzo yechisiko. Vadetembi vaMedtner vaifarira vaiva A. Pushkin (100 romances), F. Tyutchev (32), IV Goethe (15). Murudo kumazwi evadetembi ava, zvinhu zvitsva zvakadaro zvemumhanzi wekamuri yenzwi rekutanga kwezana ramakore re30 sekufambisa kusinganzwisisike kwekudzokororwa kwekutaura uye rakakura, dzimwe nguva basa rekusimba rechikamu chepiyano, chinobuda mukuzorodza, chakatangwa ne munyori. Medtner anozivikanwa kwete semuimbi chete, asiwo semunyori wemabhuku ehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi: Muse neFashoni (1935) uye The Daily Work of a Pianist uye Composer (1963).

Iyo yekugadzira uye kuita nheyo dzeMedtner dzakave nemhedzisiro yakakosha paunyanzvi hwemimhanzi hwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Tsika dzayo dzakagadziridzwa uye dzakakudziridzwa nevakawanda vane mukurumbira vehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi: AN Aleksandrov, Yu. Shaporin, V. Shebalin, E. Golubev nevamwe. -d'Alheim, G. Neuhaus, S. Richter, I. Arkhipov, E. Svetlanov nevamwe.

Nzira yeRussia uye yemazuva ano mimhanzi yenyika inongova isingabviri kufungidzira pasina Medtner, sezvazvisingabviri kufungidzira pasina vanhu vemazuva ake makuru S. Rachmaninov, A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky naS. Prokofiev.

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