Dhariusi Milhaud |

Dhariusi Milhaud

Vazhinji vakamupa zita rehungwaru, uye vazhinji vaimuona sarlatan aive nechinangwa chake chikuru "kuvhundutsa bourgeois." M. Bauer

Creativity D. Milhaud akanyora peji yakajeka, ine mavara mumhanzi wechiFrench wezana remakore reXX. Yakaratidza zvakajeka uye zvakajeka maonero enyika epashure pehondo 20s, uye zita raMilhaud rakanga riri pakati pekukakavadzana kwemimhanzi yenguva iyoyo.

Milhaud akaberekerwa kumaodzanyemba kweFrance; Provencal folklore uye chimiro chenyika yake yekuzvarwa zvakadhindwa zvachose mumweya wemunyori uye akazadza hunyanzvi hwake nekunaka kwakasiyana kweMediterranean. Matanho ekutanga mumhanzi aive akabatana neiyo violin, iyo Milhaud akadzidza pakutanga muAix, uye kubva 1909 kuParis Conservatory naBertelier. Asi pasina nguva shungu dzekunyora dzakatora simba. Pakati pevadzidzisi veMilhaud paiva naP. Dukas, A. Gedalzh, C. Vidor, uyewo V. d'Andy (muSchola cantorum).

Mumabasa ekutanga (romances, chamber ensembles), iyo impressionism pesvedzero yeC. Debussy inoonekwa. Kuvandudza tsika dzeFrance (H. Berlioz, J. Bazet, Debussy), Milhaud akazove akagamuchira mimhanzi yeRussia - M. Mussorgsky, I. Stravinsky. Mabheti aStravinsky (kunyanya The Rite of Spring, iyo yakashamisa nyika yose yemimhanzi) yakabatsira munyori wechidiki kuona maonero matsva.

Kunyangwe mukati memakore ehondo, yekutanga 2 zvikamu zve opera-oratorio trilogy "Oresteia: Agamemnon" (1914) uye "Choephors" (1915) yakasikwa; Chikamu 3 cheEumenides chakanyorwa gare gare (1922). Muchikamu chetatu, munyori anosiya hunyoro hwekufungidzira uye anowana mutauro mutsva, wakapfava. Rhythm inova nzira inoshanda kwazvo yekutaura (saka, kudzokorora kwekwaya kunowanzoperekedzwa chete nezviridzwa zvekuridza). Imwe yeMilhaud yekutanga yakashandiswa pano kusanganisa panguva imwe chete yemakiyi akasiyana (polytonality) kuwedzera kusimba kwezwi. Chinyorwa chenhamo yeAeschylus chakashandurwa uye chakagadziriswa nemukurumbira wechiFrench munyori wemitambo P. Claudel, shamwari uye ane pfungwa dzakafanana naMilhaud kwemakore mazhinji. “Ndakazviwana ndave pachikumbaridzo cheunyanzvi hwakakosha uye hune hutano… umo munhu anonzwa simba, simba, mweya uye unyoro zvaburitswa kubva mumaketani. Uhu ndihwo hunyanzvi hwaPaul Claudel! munyori akazoyeuka.

Muna 1916, Claudel akagadzwa kuva mumiriri kuBrazil, uye Milhaud, semunyori wake pachake, akaenda naye. Milhaud akaratidzira kuyemura kwake kupenya kwemavara emunzvimbo dzinopisa, kuexoticism uye hupfumi hweLatin America ngano muBrazilian Dances, uko musanganiswa wepolytonal wemimhanzi uye kuperekedza kunopa ruzha kupinza kwakakosha uye zvinonhuwira. The ballet Man and His Desire (1918, script naClaudel) akakurudzirwa nekutamba kwaV. Nijinsky, uyo akatenderera Rio de Janeiro neS. Diaghilev's Russian ballet troupe.

Kudzokera kuParis (1919), Milhaud anopinda muboka "Vatanhatu", avo vakakurudzira mafungiro avo vaiva munyori E. Satie uye mudetembi J. Cocteau. Nhengo dzeboka iri dzakapokana nekuwedzeredza kutaura kwerudo uye kushanduka kwekufungidzira, kwehunyanzvi hwe "panyika", hunyanzvi hwe "mazuva ese". Mitsindo yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX inopinda mumhanzi yevadiki vanyori: rhythms yetekinoroji uye imba yemimhanzi.

Nhamba dzema ballet dzakagadzirwa naMilhaud mu20s dzinobatanidza mweya we eccentricity, a clown performance. MuBallet Bull paRoof (1920, script naCocteau), iyo inoratidza bhawa rekuAmerica mumakore ekurambidzwa, nziyo dzemitambo yemazuva ano, senge tango, inonzwika. MuThe Creation of the World (1923), Milhaud anotendeukira kumaitiro ejazi, achitora semuenzaniso orchestra yeHarlem (yeNegro quarter yeNew York), munyori wacho akasangana nemaokestra erudzi urwu panguva yekushanya kwake kuUnited States. Muballet "Saladhi" (1924), kumutsidzira tsika yemasikirwo emasikisi, mimhanzi yekare yeItaly inonzwika.

Kutsvaga kwaMilhaud kwakasiyanawo mumhando yeoperatic. Tichipesana nemashure emitambo yekamuri (Kutambura kwaOrpheus, Murombo Mufambisi wechikepe, zvichingodaro) kunosimuka mutambo unoshamisa Christopher Columbus (mushure meClaudel), iro rinonyanya kukosha rebasa remunyori. Yakawanda yebasa remitambo yemitambo yakanyorwa muma20s. Panguva ino, 6 chamber symphonies, sonatas, quartets, nezvimwe.

Muimbi akatenderera zvikuru. Muna 1926 akashanyira USSR. Zvaakaita muMoscow neLeningrad hazvina kusiya munhu asina hanya. Maererano nezvapupu zvakaona, “vamwe vakashatirwa, vamwe vakavhiringidzika, vamwe vakanga vane tariro, uye vechiduku vaitofarira.”

Mumakore makumi matatu, unyanzvi hwaMilhaud hunoswedera kune matambudziko ari kupisa enyika yanhasi. Pamwe chete naR. Rolland. L. Aragon neshamwari dzake, nhengo dzeboka nhanhatu, Milhaud anga achitora chikamu mubasa rePeople's Musical Federation (kubvira 30), achinyora nziyo, kwaya, uye cantatas emapoka evasina ruzivo uye mhomho yevanhu. Mune cantatas, anotendeukira kumitambo yevanhu ("Rufu rweMudzvinyiriri", "Rugare Cantata", "War Cantata", nezvimwewo). Munyori anonyorawo mitambo inofadza yevana, mimhanzi yemafirimu.

Kupinda kwemauto eNazi muFrance kwakamanikidza Milhaud kuti atamire kuUnited States (1940), kwaakatanga kudzidzisa paMills College (pedyo neLos Angeles). Sezvo ave purofesa paParis Conservatory (1947) paakadzokera kunyika yake, Milhaud haana kusiya basa rake muAmerica uye aifamba ikoko nguva dzose.

Anowedzera kukwezvwa nemimhanzi yezviridzwa. Mushure memasimfoni matanhatu ezvinyorwa zvekamuri (yakagadzirwa muna 1917-23), akanyora gumi nemaviri mamwe masimphoni. Milhaud ndiye munyori wegumi nemasere quartets, orchestral suites, overtures uye akawanda concertos: yepiyano (12), viola (18), cello (5), violin, oboe, rudimbwa, harpsichord, percussion, marimba uye vibraphone ine orchestra. Kufarira kwaMilhaud mudingindira rekurwira rusununguko hakunete (iyo opera Bolivar - 2; yechina Symphony, yakanyorerwa zana remakore reshanduko ya2; iyo cantata castle yeMoto - 1943, yakatsaurirwa kundangariro yevakaurayiwa. fascism, yakapiswa mumisasa yevasungwa).

Pakati pemabasa emakore makumi matatu apfuura pane zvinyorwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana: iyo monumental epic opera David (1952), yakanyorerwa kusvitsa kwe3000 yeJerusarema, opera-oratorio St. mother ”(1970, mushure meP. Beaumarchais), mabhero akati wandei (kusanganisira" Mabhero "naE. Poe), akawanda ezviridzwa zvinoshanda.

Milhaud akapedza makore mashoma apfuura kuGeneva, achienderera mberi nekunyora nekushanda pakupedzisa bhuku rake rehupenyu, Hupenyu Hwangu Hwemufaro.

K. Zenkin

• Rondedzero yeMilhaud mabasa makuru →