Maria Callas |

Maria callas

Mumwe wevaimbi vakatanhamara vezana rapfuura, Maria Callas, akava ngano chaiyo muupenyu hwake. Chero chii chakabatwa nenyanzvi, zvese zvakavhenekerwa neimwe mwenje mutsva, isingatarisirwe. Akakwanisa kutarisa mapeji mazhinji ezvibodzwa zveopera aine chitarisiko chitsva, chitsva, kuti awane tsvarakadenga isingazivikanwe mavari.

Maria Callas (zita chairo Maria Anna Sophia Cecilia Kalogeropoulou) akaberekwa musi waDecember 2, 1923 muNew York, mumhuri yevaGiriki vanobva kune dzimwe nyika. Pasinei nemari yaaiwana, vabereki vake vakasarudza kumupa dzidzo yokuimba. Tarenda inoshamisa yaMaria yakazviratidza muhudiki. Muna 1937, pamwe chete naamai vake, akauya kunyika yake uye akapinda mune imwe yeAthens conservatories, Ethnikon Odeon, kune mudzidzisi anozivikanwa Maria Trivella.

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Pasi pehutungamiriri hwake, Callas akagadzirira uye akaita chikamu chake chekutanga che opera mukuitwa kwevadzidzi - basa reSantuzza mu opera Rural Honor naP. Mascagni. Chiitiko chakakosha chakadaro chakaitika muna 1939, chakava chiitiko chakakosha muhupenyu hwemuimbi wemangwana. Anotamira kune imwe nzvimbo inochengeterwa vanhu muAthens, Odeon Afion, kukirasi yemuimbi ane mukurumbira wekuSpain coloratura Elvira de Hidalgo, uyo akapedza kukwenenzverwa kwezwi rake uye akabatsira Callas kuti atore nzvimbo semuimbi weopera.

Muna 1941, Callas akaita kuti atange kuAthens Opera, achiita chikamu cheTosca muPuccini's opera yezita rimwe chete. Pano akashanda kusvika 1945, zvishoma nezvishoma achitanga kutungamirira zvikamu zveOpera.

Zvechokwadi, muzwi raCallas maiva ne“kukanganisa” kwakanaka. Mukati mebhuku repakati, akanzwa mutinhimira wakanyarara, wakatsikirirwa. Vanoziva mazwi vaiona izvi sezvisina kunaka, uye vateereri vakaona runako rwakakosha mune izvi. Yakanga isiri masanga kuti vataure nezvemashiripiti ezwi rake, kuti anokwezva vateereri nekuimba kwake. Muimbi pachake akadana izwi rake "dramatic coloratura".

Kuwanikwa kwaCallas kwakaitika musi waNyamavhuvhu 2, 1947, apo muimbi asingazivikanwe ane makore makumi maviri nemana akaonekwa pachikuva cheArena di Verona, imba huru yepasirese yakavhurika opera, uko vangangove vese vaimbi vakuru nevaimbi. yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX yakaitwa. Muzhizha, mutambo mukuru we opera unoitwa pano, panguva iyo Callas akaita basa rezita muPonchielli's La Gioconda.

Kuita kwacho kwaiitwa naTullio Serafin, mumwe weakanakisa conductors weItaly opera. Uye zvakare, musangano wega wega unosarudza magumo emutambi. Zviri pakurudziro yaSerafina kuti Callas akokwa kuVenice. Pano, pasi peutungamiri hwake, anoita mabasa ekuremekedza mumitambo "Turandot" naG. Puccini uye "Tristan naIsolde" naR. Wagner.

Zvaiita sekuti mu opera zvikamu Kallas anorarama zvidimbu zvehupenyu hwake. Panguva imwecheteyo, airatidza kuguma kwevakadzi vose, rudo uye kutambura, mufaro uye kusuwa.

Munzvimbo yemitambo yakakurumbira munyika yose - Milan's "La Scala" - Callas akaonekwa muna 1951, achiita chikamu chaElena mu "Sicilian Vespers" naG. Verdi.

Muimbi ane mukurumbira Mario Del Monaco anoyeuka:

“Ndakasangana naCallas muRome, achangosvika achibva kuAmerica, pamba paMaestro Serafina, uye ndinoyeuka kuti akaimba zvikamu zvakawanda kubva kuTurandot ikoko. Maonero angu akanga asina kunaka. Zvechokwadi, Callas akatsungirira nyore nyore matambudziko ose ezwi, asi chiyero chake hachina kupa pfungwa yekuve nehomogeneous. Pakati nepakati paive nepakati uye makwiriro aiita kubvunda.

Zvisinei, nekufamba kwemakore, Maria Callas akakwanisa kushandura zvikanganiso zvake kuva unhu hwakanaka. Vakava chikamu chakakosha cheunhu hwake hwehunyanzvi uye, neimwe nzira, vakanatsiridza hunhu hwake hwekuita. Maria Callas akakwanisa kumisa maitiro ake. Kekutanga ndakaimba naye muna Nyamavhuvhu 1948 paGenoese theatre "Carlo Felice", achiita "Turandot" achitungamirirwa naCuesta, uye gore rakatevera, pamwe chete naye, pamwe chete naRossi-Lemenyi uye maestro Serafin, takaenda kuBuenos Aires…

… Achidzokera kuItaly, akasaina kondirakiti neLa Scala yeAida, asi veMilanese havanawo kumutsa shungu. Mwaka wakashata wakadaro waizopwanya chero munhu kunze kwaMaria Callas. Kuda kwake kunogona kuenderana netarenda rake. Ndinorangarira, semuenzaniso, kuti, achiona zvishoma, akaburuka masitepisi kuenda kuTurandot, achitsvanzvadzira nhanho netsoka yake zvakasununguka zvekuti hapana angambofungidzira nezvekutadza kwake. Chero zvazvingava, aiita sokunge ari kurwa nevanhu vose vakamupoteredza.

Mamwe manheru aFebruary muna 1951, takagara mucafe "Biffy Scala" mushure mekuita kwe "Aida" yakatungamirirwa naDe Sabata uye nekutora chikamu kwemumwe wangu Constantina Araujo, taitaura nemukuru weLa Scala Ghiringelli uye munyori mukuru we. Oldani Theatre pamusoro pekuti Opera inzira yakanakisa yekuvhura mwaka unotevera… Ghiringelli akabvunza kana ndaifunga kuti Norma angave akakodzera kuvhurwa kwemwaka, uye ndakapindura ndichiti. Asi De Sabata haana kuzoshinga kusarudza mutambi wechikamu chikuru chechikadzi… Severe nemasikirwo, De Sabata, saGiringelli, aidzivisa kuvimbana nevaimbi. Zvakadaro akatendeukira kwandiri nechiso chake chine mubvunzo.

“Maria Callas,” ndakapindura ndisingazezi. De Sabata, akasuwa, akarangarira kukundikana kwaMary muAida. Zvisinei, ndakamira ndakatsiga, ndichitaura kuti mu“Norma” Kallas yaizova kuwana kwechokwadi. Ndakarangarira kuti akakunda sei kusada kwevateereri veColon Theatre nekugadzirisa kukundikana kwake paTurandot. De Sabata akabvuma. Sezviri pachena, mumwe munhu akanga atomutumidza zita rokuti Kallas, uye maonero angu akanga akasimba.

Zvakasarudzwa kuvhura mwaka zvakare neSicilian Vespers, kwandisina kutora chikamu, sezvo yanga isina kukodzera izwi rangu. Mugore rimwe chetero, chiitiko chaMaria Meneghini-Callas chakamuka senyeredzi itsva munyika yose ye opera. Tarenda yenhanho, hunyanzvi hwekuimba, tarenda rinoshamisa rekuita - zvese izvi zvakapihwa nemasikirwo paCallas, uye akazova mufananidzo wakajeka. Maria akatanga nzira yekukwikwidza aine nyeredzi mudiki uye ane hasha zvakaenzana - Renata Tebaldi.

1953 yakaratidza kutanga kwemakwikwi aya, ayo akagara kwemakore gumi uye akaparadzanisa nyika yeopera mumisasa miviri.

Mukuru weItaly director L. Visconti akanzwa Callas kekutanga mubasa reKundry muWagner's Parsifal. Achiyemurwa netarenda remuimbi, mutungamiriri panguva imwechete akakwevera pfungwa kune zvisiri zvechisikigo zvemaitiro ake edariro. Munyori wemifananidzo, sezvaanoyeuka, akanga akapfeka ngowani huru, iyo muromo wayo yaitenderera kumativi akasiyana, ichimudzivisa kuona uye kufamba. Visconti akati mumwoyo make: “Kana ndikazoshanda naye, haasati achizofanira kutambura zvikuru kwazvo, ndichazvitarisira.”

Muna 1954, mukana wakadaro wakazviratidza: paLa Scala, mutungamiriri, atova nemukurumbira, akaronga mutambo wake wekutanga weOpera - Spontini's Vestal, naMaria Callas mubasa rekuremekedza. Yakateverwa nezvigadzirwa zvitsva, kusanganisira "La Traviata" padanho rimwe chete, rakava kutanga kwemukurumbira wepasi rose weCallas. Muimbi pachake akanyora gare gare kuti: "Luchino Visconti anoisa nhanho nyowani yakakosha muhupenyu hwangu hwehunyanzvi. Handife ndakakanganwa chiitiko chechitatu cheLa Traviata, chakaitwa naye. Ndakaenda pachikuva semuti weKisimusi, ndakapfeka kunge gamba raMarcel Proust. Pasina kutapira, pasina vulgar sentimentality. Apo Alfred akandikanda mari kumeso kwangu, handina kukotama, handina kutiza: Ndakaramba ndiri pachikuva ndakatambanudza maoko, sokunge ndichiti kuruzhinji: “Usati wambonyara.” Aive Visconti akandidzidzisa kutamba pachikuva, uye ndine rudo rwakadzama nekutenda kwaari. Pane mapikicha maviri chete papiyano yangu - Luchino nesoprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, uyo, nekuda kwekuda art, akatidzidzisa tese. Takashanda neVisconti mumhepo yechokwadi yekusika nharaunda. Asi, sezvandambotaura kakawanda, chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti ndiye akatanga kundipa humbowo hwekuti tsvakiridzo yangu yapfuura yaive yechokwadi. Achindituka nokuda kwezviito zvakasiyana-siyana zvaiita sezvakanaka kune veruzhinji, asi zvinopesana nehunhu hwangu, akaita kuti ndifunge zvakare zvakanyanya, kubvumidza musimboti wekutanga: kuita kwakanyanya uye kutaura kwezwi nekushandisa kushoma kwekufamba.

Vataridzi vanofarira vakapa Callas zita rezita reLa Divina - Divine, iro raakachengeta kunyangwe afa.

Nekukurumidza kugona mapato ese matsva, anotamba muEurope, South America, Mexico. Rondedzero yemabasa ake inoshamisa zvechokwadi: kubva kuIsolde muWagner naBrunhilde muma opera eGluck naHaydn kusvika kunzvimbo dzakajairwa dzemhando yake - Gilda, Lucia mumaopera naVerdi naRossini. Callas ainzi mutsidziri wenziyo dzenziyo dzebel canto.

Dudziro yake yebasa raNorma muBellini's opera yezita rimwechete inoshamisa. Callas anoonekwa semumwe wevakanyanya kuita basa iri. Pamwe achiziva hukama hwake hwemweya negamba iri uye mikana yezwi rake, Callas akaimba chikamu ichi pane zvakawanda zvekutamba kwake - kuCovent Garden muLondon muna 1952, ipapo padanho reLyric Opera muChicago muna 1954.

Muna 1956, kukunda kwakamumirira muguta raakaberekerwa - Metropolitan Opera yakanyatso gadzirira kugadzirwa kutsva kweBellini's Norma yeCallas' debut. Ichi chikamu, pamwe naLucia di Lammermoor muOpera yaDonizetti yezita rimwe chetero, inoonekwa nevatsoropodzi vemakore iwayo kuve pakati pezvakabudirira zvikuru zvemuimbi. Nekudaro, hazvisi nyore kudoma akanakisa mabasa murepertory tambo yake. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti Callas akaswedera kune rimwe nerimwe remabasa ake matsva neanoshamisa uye kunyange neasina kujairika mutoro weopera prima donnas. Mutoo wokuzviitira waive wakasiyana naye. Akashanda zvakasimba, nenzira, nekushanda kuzere kwemasimba emweya uye enjere. Aitungamirirwa nechishuvo chokukwana, uye nokudaro kusabvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwemaonero ake, zvaanotenda, uye zviito. Zvese izvi zvakakonzera kunetsana kusingaperi pakati paKallas nehutungamiriri hwemitambo, vezvemabhizinesi, uye dzimwe nguva vadyidzani.

Kwemakore gumi nemanomwe, Callas akaimba anenge asina kuzvinzwira tsitsi. Akaita zvikamu makumi mana, achiita pachikuva kanopfuura ka600. Mukuwedzera, akaramba akarekodha pane zvinyorwa, akaita zvinyorwa zvekonti yakakosha, akaimba paredhiyo uye terevhizheni.

Callas aigara achitamba kuMilan's La Scala (1950-1958, 1960-1962), London's Covent Garden Theatre (kubvira 1962), Chicago Opera (kubvira 1954), uye New York Metropolitan Opera (1956-1958). ) Vateereri vakaenda kumitambo yake kwete chete kuti vanzwe yakanakisa soprano, asiwo kuona mutambi chaiye anosuruvarisa. Kuita kwezvikamu zvakakurumbira zvakadai seVioletta muVerdi's La Traviata, Tosca muPuccini's opera kana Carmen kwakamuunza kubudirira kwake. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisiri muunhu hwake kuti akanga akaganhurirwa nenzira yokusika. Nekuda kwekubvunzurudza kwake kwehunyanzvi, mienzaniso mizhinji yakakanganwa yemimhanzi yezana ramakore rechimakumi mashanu nemazana mashanu yakava nehupenyu pachikuva - Spontini's Vestal, Bellini's Pirate, Haydn's Orpheus naEurydice, Iphigenia muAulis, uye Gluck's Alceste, The Turk muItaly uye "Armida. ” by Rossini, “Medea” by Cherubini…

"Kuimba kwaKallas kwakachinja zvechokwadi," anonyora LO Hakobyan, - akakwanisa kumutsidzira chiitiko che "isina muganhu", kana "mahara", soprano (ital. vaimbi vakuru vezana 1953th - J. Pasta, M. Malibran, Giulia Grisi ( senge mutsara wemaoctave maviri nehafu, hupfumi nuanced ruzha uye virtuoso coloratura maitiro mune ese marejista), pamwe neakasarudzika "zvikanganiso" ( kudedera kwakanyanya pazvinyoro zvepamusoro, kwete nguva dzose kurira kwechisikigo kweanotsinhana). Pamusoro peizwi reimwe yakasarudzika, inokurumidza kuzivikanwa timbre, Callas aive netarenda rakakura semutambi anosiririsa. Nekuda kwekunyanya kushushikana, kuyedza zvine njodzi nehutano hwake (mu3, akarasikirwa ne30 kg mumwedzi ye1965), uye zvakare nekuda kwemamiriro ehupenyu hwake hwega, basa remuimbi rakagara kwenguva pfupi. Callas akasiya nhanho muna XNUMX mushure mekusabudirira kuita saTosca muCovent Garden.

“Ndakakudziridza mimwe mipimo, uye ndakaona kuti yakanga yava nguva yokuparadzana nevoruzhinji. Kana ndikadzoka ndichatanga patsva,” akadaro panguva iyoyo.

Zita raMaria Callas zvakadaro rakaonekwa zvakare uye zvakare pamapeji emapepanhau nemagazini. Munhu wese, kunyanya, anofarira kukwira uye pasi kwehupenyu hwake hwega - kuroorana nechiGiriki multimillionaire Onassis.

Kare, kubva muna 1949 kusvika muna 1959, Maria akanga akaroorwa negweta rokuItaly, J.-B. Meneghini uye kwenguva yakati akaita pasi pezita rechipiri - Meneghini-Kallas.

Callas aive nehukama husina kuenzana naOnassis. Vakasangana uye vakaparadzana, Maria aitofanira kubereka mwana, asi haana kukwanisa kumuponesa. Zvisinei, hukama hwavo hauna kumbopera muwanano: Onassis akaroora chirikadzi yeMutungamiriri weUnited States John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline.

Chimiro chisingazorori chinomukwevera kunzira dzisingazivikanwe. Saka, anodzidzisa kuimba paJuilliard School of Music, anoisa Verdi's opera "Sicilian Vespers" muTurin, uye ari kutora firimu muna 1970 firimu "Medea" naPaolo Pasolini ...

Pasolini akanyora zvinofadza zvikuru nezvemaitiro emutambi: "Ndakaona Callas - mukadzi wemazuva ano maigara mukadzi wekare, anoshamisa, emashiripiti, ane makakatanwa anotyisa emukati."

Muna September 1973, “nzvimbo” yebasa rokudhirowa raKallas yakatanga. Mazhinji emakonzati mumaguta akasiyana eEurope neAmerica akaperekedzwa zvakare nekuombera kwakanyanyisa kwevateereri. Vaongorori vane hunyanzvi, zvisinei, vakacherekedza kuti kuombera kwacho kwainyanya kunangana ne "ngano" pane muimbi we70s. Asi zvose izvi hazvina kunetsa muimbi wacho. “Handina mutsoropodzi ane hasha kupfuura ini,” akadaro. - Hongu, nekufamba kwemakore ndakarasikirwa nechimwe chinhu, asi ndawana chimwe chinhu chitsva ... Veruzhinji havangoombera ngano chete. Pamwe anoombera maoko nekuti zvaaitarisira zvakazadzikiswa neimwe nzira. Uye dare reruzhinji ndiro rakanyanya kunaka ... "

Zvichida hapana kupesana zvachose. Isu tinobvumirana nevanoongorora: vateereri vakasangana uye vakaona kubva ku "ngano" nekuombera. Asi zita rengano iyi ndiMaria Callas…