Ludwig (Louis) Spohr |

louis spohr

Spohr akapinda munhoroondo yemimhanzi semutambi ane mukurumbira weviolinist uye munyori mukuru akanyora maopera, symphonies, concertos, chamber uye zviridzwa. Kunyanya kufarirwa yaive yake violin concertos, iyo yakashanda mukuvandudza kweiyo genre sechibatanidza pakati pechinyakare uye rudo art. Mumhando yeoperatic, Spohr, pamwe naWeber, Marschner naLortzing, vakagadzira tsika dzechiGerman.

Nzira yebasa raSpohr yaiva yerudo, manzwiro. Ichokwadi, makontikiti ake ekutanga eviolin akanga achiri pedyo mumutauro kune classical concertos yaViotti naRode, asi akazotevera, kutanga neChitanhatu, akawedzera kuve nerudo. Ndizvo zvimwe chete zvakaitika muma opera. Mune zvakanakisisa kwavari - "Faust" (pachirongwa chengano yevanhu) uye "Jessonde" - mune dzimwe nzira akatotarisira "Lohengrin" naR. Wagner uye nhetembo dzerudo dzaF. Liszt.

Asi chaizvo "chimwe chinhu". Tarenda yaSpohr semunyori yakanga isina kusimba, kana yepakutanga, kana kunyange yakasimba. Mumhanzi, rudo rwake rwekunzwa runopokana nepedantic, kungofunga kweGerman chete, kuchengetedza hutsika uye hungwaru hwechinyakare maitiro. Schiller's "kurwisana kwemanzwiro" kwakanga kusiri kune Spohr. Stendhal akanyora kuti kudanana kwake kunoratidza "kwete mweya une shungu waWerther, asi mweya wakachena weGerman burgher".

R. Wagner anotsinhira Stendhal. Kudaidza Weber naSpohr vanyori veOpera vakatanhamara vekuGerman, Wagner anovarambidza kugona kubata izwi remunhu uye anoona tarenda ravo risina kudzika zvakanyanya kuti vakunde nzvimbo yemutambo. Mukufunga kwake, hunhu hwetarenda raWeber hungori nziyo, nepo Spohr's elegiac. Asi mhinganidzo yavo huru kudzidza: “Haiwa, kudzidza kwedu kwakatukwa ndiko kunobva uipi hwose hweGermany!” Kwakanga kuri kufunda, kufambisa uye kuremekedzwa kwakamboita kuti M. Glinka adenedze Spohr kuti "chikuva chebasa rakasimba reGerman."

Zvisinei, zvisinei kuti maitiro evapambi aive akasimba sei muSpohr, zvingave zvisina kunaka kumutora semhando yembiru yephilistinism uye philistinism mumimhanzi. Muunhu hwaSpohr nemabasa ake pane chimwe chinhu chaipikisa philistinism. Spur haigone kurambirwa hunhu, kuchena pamweya uye kuzviisa pasi, kunyanya kukwezva panguva yekuda kusingadzoreki kwekunaka. Spohr haana kusvibisa hunyanzvi hwaaida, achipandukira zvine mutsindo pane zvaiita sezvidiki uye zvinonyadzisira, achishandira zvinonaka. Vepanguva yake vakakoshesa chinzvimbo chake. Weber anonyora zvinyorwa zvinonzwira tsitsi nezveSpohr's operas; Spohr's symphony "Kuropafadza Kwemanzwi" yakanzi inoshamisa naVF Odoevsky; Liszt achiitisa Spohr's Faust muWeimar musi wa24 Gumiguru 1852. "Maererano naG. Moser, nziyo dzaSchumann wechidiki dzinoratidza pesvedzero yaSpohr." Spohr aive nehukama hurefu hwehushamwari naSchumann.

Spohr akaberekwa musi waApril 5, 1784. Baba vake vaiva chiremba uye vaida mimhanzi zvikuru; akaridza nyere zvakanaka, mai vake vakaridza mbira.

Mano emwanakomana ekuimba akaoneka kare. Spohr akanyora munhoroondo youpenyu hwake kuti, “Ndiine chipo chenzwi rakajeka resoprano, ndakatanga kuimba uye kwemakore mana kana mashanu ndaibvumirwa kuimba dambarefu naamai vangu pamapati emhuri yedu. Panguva ino, baba vangu, vabvuma chishuvo changu chomwoyo wose, vakanditengera violin pamutambo, pandakatanga kuriridza ndisingaregi.

Vachiona chipo chemukomana uyu, vabereki vake vakamutumira kuti anodzidza nemumwe mutorwa wekuFrance, mutambi weviolin amateur Dufour, asi munguva pfupi akachinjirwa kune mudzidzisi wehunyanzvi Mokur, mutungamiriri wekoniti weDuke weBrunswick's orchestra.

Kuridza violin kwechidiki kwaipenya zvekuti vabereki nemudzidzisi vakasarudza kuedza mhanza yavo uye kuwana mukana wokuti aite muHamburg. Zvisinei, konzati muHamburg haina kuitika, sezvo violinist ane makore gumi nematatu, asina kutsigirwa uye kutsigirwa kwe "vane simba", akakundikana kukwezva kutarisisa kwaari. Achidzokera kuBraunschweig, akakumbanira orchestra yaDuke, uye apo akanga ava namakore 13 okukura, akanga atova nechinzvimbo chomuimbi wekamuri redare.

Tarenda yemimhanzi yaSpohr yakakwezva kutarisa kwemukuru, uye akakurudzira kuti mutambi weviolin aenderere mberi nedzidzo yake. Vyboo akawira pavadzidzisi vaviri - Viotti uye mutambi weviolin ane mukurumbira Friedrich Eck. Chikumbiro chakatumirwa kune vose vari vaviri, uye vose vakaramba. Viotti akataura nezvekuti akanga asiya basa remimhanzi uye akanga achiita zvekutengesa waini; Eck akanongedzera kuchiitwa chekonzati chinopfuurira semhinganidzo kuzvidzidzo zvakarongeka. Asi pachinzvimbo chake, Eck akakurudzira mukoma wake Franz, anewo konsati virtuoso. Spohr akashanda naye kwemakore maviri (1802-1804).

Pamwe chete nemudzidzisi wake, Spohr akaenda kuRussia. Panguva iyoyo vaityaira zvinyoro-nyoro, nenzvimbo dzakareba dzavaishandisa pazvidzidzo. Spur akawana mudzidzisi ane hasha uye anodaidzira, akatanga nekuchinja zvachose nzvimbo yeruoko rwake rwerudyi. “Mangwanani ano,” Spohr anonyora kudaro mudhayari rake, “April 30 (1802—LR) VaEck vakatanga kufunda neni. Asi, maiwe, kunyadziswa kuzhinji sei! Ini, uyo akazvifungira mumwe wevekutanga virtuosos muGermany, handina kukwanisa kumuridzira chiyero chimwe chete chaizomutsa kutenderwa kwake. Mukupesana, ndaifanira kudzokorora chiyero chimwe nechimwe kanenge kagumi kuti pakupedzisira ndimugutse munzira ipi neipi. Haana kunyanya kufarira uta hwangu, kurongekazve uko ini pachangu ndinoona sekwakakosha. Zvechokwadi, pakutanga zvichange zvakandiomera, asi ndinotarisira kurarama neizvi, sezvo ndine chokwadi chokuti kugadzirisazve kuchandiunzira kubatsirwa kukuru.

Zvaitendwa kuti maitiro emutambo anogona kuvandudzwa kuburikidza nemaawa akasimba ekudzidzira. Spohr akashanda maawa gumi pazuva. “Saka ndakakwanisa kuwana munguva pfupi unyanzvi hwakadaro nechivimbo muunyanzvi zvokuti kwandiri pakanga pasina chinhu chakaoma munziyo dzekonzati dzaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo.” Akazove mudzidzisi, Spohr akaisa kukosha kukuru kuhutano nekutsungirira kwevadzidzi.

MuRussia, Eck akarwara zvakakomba, uye Spohr, amanikidzwa kurega zvidzidzo zvake, akadzokera kuGermany. Makore ekudzidza apera. Muna 1805, Spohr akagara muGotha, kwaakapiwa chinzvimbo chekuva mutungamiriri wechikwata che opera. Nenguva isipi akaroora Dorothy Scheidler, muimbi wetheater uye mwanasikana wemuimbi aishanda muboka reGothic orchestra. Mudzimai wake aiva nerudimbwa zvakanyanyisa uye aionekwa semuimbi akanakisisa muGermany. Muchato wakabva waratidza kufara chaizvo.

Muna 1812 Spohr akaita muVienna nekubudirira kukuru uye akapiwa chinzvimbo chemutungamiri weBandleader paTheatre An der Wien. MuVienna, Spohr akanyora imwe yemitambo yake yakakurumbira, Faust. Yakatanga kurongwa muFrankfurt muna 1818. Spohr akagara muVienna kusvika 1816, ndokubva atamira kuFrankfurt, kwaakashanda sebhendi kwemakore maviri (1816-1817). Akapedza 1821 muDresden, uye kubva muna 1822 akagara muKassel, kwaakabata chigaro chemukuru mukuru wemimhanzi.

Munguva yehupenyu hwake, Spohr akaita rwendo rurefu rwemakonzati. Austria (1813), Italy (1816-1817), London, Paris (1820), Holland (1835), zvakare London, Paris, chete semutyairi (1843) - heino rondedzero yerwendo rwake rwekonzati - izvi zviri mukuwedzera. kushanyira Germany.

Muna 1847, manheru egalati akaitwa akatsaurirwa kumakore makumi maviri nemashanu ekushanda kwake muKassel Orchestra; muna 25 akaenda pamudyandigere, akazvipira zvizere pakudzidzisa. Muna 1852, njodzi yakaitika kwaari: akatyoka ruoko rwake; izvi zvakamumanikidza kurega mabasa okudzidzisa. Kushungurudzika kwakamuwira kwakaputsa kuda uye hutano hwaSpohr, uyo akanga akazvipira zvachose kune unyanzvi hwake, uye, sezviri pachena, akakurumidza kufa. Akafa musi waOctober 1857, 22.

Spohr aiva murume anozvikudza; ainyanya kugumbuka kana chiremera chake senyanzvi chaityorwa neimwe nzira. Pane imwe nguva akakokwa kukonzati padare raMambo weWürttemberg. Makonzati akadaro aiwanzoitwa mukati memitambo yemakadhi kana kuti mitambo yedare. "Whist" uye "Ndinoenda nemakadhi ehwamanda", kurira kwemapanga nemaforogo kwakashanda semhando ye "kuperekedza" kumutambo wemumwe muimbi mukuru. Mimhanzi yaionekwa semutambo unofadza waibatsira kugaya kwevanokudzwa. Spohr yakaramba kutamba kunze kwekunge nharaunda chaiyo yagadzirwa.

Spohr aisakwanisa kumira kuzvidzikisira uye kuzvidzikisira maitiro evakuru kune vanhu vehunyanzvi. Anotaura neshungu munhoroondo yake yehupenyu kuti kangani kunyange maartist ekutanga aifanira kunzwa kunyadziswa, achitaura ne "mhomho yevakuru." Aiva munhu mukuru aifarira nyika yake uye aida zvikuru kubudirira kwenyika yake. Muna 1848, pakukwirira kwezviitiko zvekuchinja, akagadzira sextet nekuzvipira: "yakanyorwa ... kudzorera kubatana uye rusununguko rweGermany."

Zvinotaurwa naSpohr zvinopupurira kuomerera kwake kumisimboti, asiwo kune kuzviisa pasi kwezvinangwa zvekunaka. Kuve mupikisi wekunaka, haagamuchiri Paganini uye maitiro ake, zvisinei, achipa mutero kune violin art yeGenoese huru. Munhoroondo youpenyu hwake, anonyora kuti: “Ndakateerera Paganini ndichifarira zvikuru makonzati maviri aaiita muKassel. Ruoko rwake rworuboshwe uye G tambo zvinoshamisa. Asi manyorerwo ake, pamwe nemaitiro ekuita kwavo, musanganiswa unoshamisa wehungwaru nehupenzi hwemwana, husina kunaka, ndosaka vachibata nekudzinga.

Apo Ole Buhl, "Scandinavian Paganini", akauya kuSpohr, haana kumugamuchira semudzidzi, nokuti aifunga kuti haaigona kupinza chikoro chake maari, mutorwa kune unhu hwakanaka hwetarenda rake. Uye muna 1838, pashure pokuteerera Ole Buhl muKassel, anonyora kuti: “Kuridza kwake nziyo uye chivimbo choruoko rwake rworuboshwe zvinoshamisa, asi anorega, sezvakaita Paganini, nokuda kwokunstshtuk yake, zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakawandisa zvinogara nhaka. muchiridzwa chakanaka.”

Munyori ainyanya kufarirwa naSpohr aiva Mozart (“Ndinonyora zvishoma nezveMozart, nokuti Mozart ndicho chinhu chose kwandiri”). Kubasa raBeethoven, aitove neshungu, kunze kwemabasa enguva yekupedzisira, yaasina kunzwisisa uye yaasina kuziva.

Semuimbi weviolin, Spohr aive akanaka. Schleterer anopenda mufananidzo unotevera wekuita kwake: “Munhu anoshamisira anopinda pachikuva, musoro nemapfudzi pamusoro peavo vakamupoteredza. Violin pasi pegonzo. Anosvika panyaradzo yake. Spohr haana kumbobvira aridza nemoyo, asingadi kugadzira kaviri keuranda kuyeuka chidimbu chemimhanzi, chaaiona chisingaenderane nemusoro wemuimbi. Pakupinda mudariro, akakotamira vateereri asingazvitutumadzi, asi nepfungwa yoruremekedzo uye maziso ebhuruu akadzikama akatarisa chaunga chakaungana. Akabata violin akasununguka zvachose, anenge asina kuda, nekuda kwekuti ruoko rwake rwerudyi rwakasimudzwa zvakakwirira. Paruzha rwekutanga, akakunda vateereri vese. Kamudziyo kaive mumaoko ake kaiita setoyi mumaoko ehofori. Zvakaoma kutsanangura nerusununguko, kunaka uye hunyanzvi hwaaive nahwo. Akadzikama, sokunge araswa nesimbi, akamira pachikuva. Kupfava nenyasha dzemafambiro ake zvaive zvisingaite. Spur yaive neruoko hombe, asi yaisanganisa kuchinjika, kusimba uye kusimba. Zvigunwe zvaigona kunyura patambo nekuoma kwesimbi uye panguva imwechete zvaive, kana zvichidiwa, zvichifamba zvokuti mumigwagwa yakareruka hapana kana trill imwe yakarasika. Pakanga pasina sitiroko yaasina kugona nekukwana kwakafanana - yake yakakura staccato yaive yakasarudzika; chainyanya kushamisa kwaiva kunzwika kwesimba guru munhare, kuimba kwakapfava uye kwakapfava. Apedza mutambo, Spohr akakotama akadzikama, nenyemwerero pachiso chake akasiya nhanho pakati pedutu rekuombera maoko. Hunhu hukuru hwekutamba kwaSpohr hwaive hwekufunga uye hwakakwana kutapurirana mune zvese, isina kana frivolities uye hunhu husina maturo. Hunhu uye unyanzvi hwakakwana hwairatidza kuurayiwa kwake; nguva dzose aitsvaka kutaura zvimiro izvozvo zvendangariro zvinoberekwa muchipfuva chakachena zvikurusa chomunhu.

Tsanangudzo yeSchleterer inosimbiswa nedzimwe ongororo. Mudzidzi waSpohr A. Malibran, akanyora biography yemudzidzisi wake, anotaura marovero anoshamisa aSpohr, kujeka kwehunyanzvi hweminwe, palette yakanakisa yeruzha uye, saSchleterer, anosimbisa kunaka uye kureruka kwekutamba kwake. Spohr haana kushivirira "misuwo", glissando, coloratura, kudzivisa kusvetuka, kusvetuka kurohwa. Kuita kwake kwainyatsoita zvedzidzo mupfungwa yepamusorosoro.

Haana kumbotamba nemoyo. Ipapo zvakanga zvisiri kunze kwomutemo; vatambi vazhinji vaiitwa pamakonzati ane manotsi pane console pamberi pavo. Zvisinei, neSpohr, mutemo uyu wakakonzerwa nemamwe maitiro ekunaka. Akamanikidzawo vadzidzi vake kuridza kubva pamanotsi chete, vachikakavara kuti mutambi weviolin anoridza nemusoro anomuyeuchidza nezvechipembere chinopindura chidzidzo chakadzidzwa.

Zvishoma kwazvo zvinozivikanwa nezve Spohr's repertoire. Mumakore ekutanga, mukuwedzera kumabasa ake, akaita makonsati naKreutzer, Rode, gare gare akazviganhurira zvakanyanya kunziyo dzake.

Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, maviolin ane mukurumbira akabata violin nenzira dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, Ignaz Frenzel akadzvanya violin papfudzi rake nechirebvu chake kuruboshwe rwemuswe, uye Viotti kurudyi, ndiko kuti, setsika zvino; Spohr akazorora chirebvu pazambuko chaimo.

Zita reSpohr rinosanganiswa nezvimwe zvitsva mumunda wekuridza violin nekuitisa. Saka, ndiye muvambi wekuzorora kwechirebvu. Chinotonyanya kukosha hunyanzvi hwake hwekuitisa. Anonzi akashandisa shamhu. Chero zvazvingava, akanga ari mumwe wevatungamiri vekutanga kushandisa tsvimbo. Muna 1810, paMutambo weMimhanzi weFrankenhausen, akaitisa kamuti kakakungurutswa pabepa, uye iyi nzira yakanga isingazivikanwi kusvika panguva ino yokutungamirira vaimbi yakakatyamadza munhu wose. Vaimbi veFrankfurt muna 1817 neLondon muma1820s vakasangana nemaitiro matsva pasina kuvhiringidzika, asi munguva pfupi vakatanga kunzwisisa zvakanakira.

Spohr aive mudzidzisi ane mukurumbira wekuEurope. Vadzidzi vakauya kwaari vachibva kumativi ose enyika. Akaumba rudzi rweimba yekuchengetedza. Kunyange kubva kuRussia imwe serf inonzi Encke yakatumirwa kwaari. Spohr adzidzisa vanopfuura 140 vakuru veviolin soloists uye concertmasters emaokestra.

Spohr's pedagogy yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo. Aidiwa zvikuru nevadzidzi vake. Akasimba uye achida mukirasi, akatanga kushamwaridzana uye ane rudo kunze kwekirasi. Kufamba kwakabatana muguta, nzendo dzenyika, pikiniki dzaive dzakajairika. Spohr akafamba, akakomberedzwa nemhomho yemhuka dzake dzinovaraidza, akapinda navo kumitambo, akavadzidzisa kushambira, akazvichengeta ari nyore, kunyange zvazvo asina kumboyambuka mutsara apo kushamwaridzana kunoshanduka kuva kujairana, kuderedza simba remudzidzisi mumaziso evadzidzisi. vadzidzi.

Akaita kuti mudzidzi ave nemaonero anoshamisa ezvidzidzo. Ndakashanda nemunhu anotanga mazuva maviri ega ega, ndozoenda kune zvidzidzo zvitatu pavhiki. Panguva yekupedzisira, mudzidzi akagara kusvika pakupera kwemakirasi. Chaisungirwa kuvadzidzi vese kwaive kutamba muensemble uye orchestra. Spohr akanyora kuti, “Muridzi we<em>violin asina kuwana unyanzvi hwokuridza orchestra akafanana ne<em>canary yakadzidziswa inoshevedzera zvokusvika pakupenga nechinhu chadzidzwa,” akanyora kudaro Spohr. Iye pachake akatungamirira kuridza muokestra, achidzidzira unyanzvi hwokuridza orchestra, sitiroko, uye unyanzvi.

Schlerer akasiya tsananguro yechidzidzo chaSpohr. Aiwanzogara pakati pekamuri muchigaro chemaoko kuitira kuti aone mudzidzi, uye nguva dzose aine violin mumaoko ake. Mumakirasi, aiwanzoridza pamwe chete neinzwi rechipiri kana, kana mudzidzi asina kubudirira mune imwe nzvimbo, airatidza pachiridzwa chacho maitirwo azvo. Vadzidzi vaiti kutamba neSpurs kwainakidza chaizvo.

Spohr ainyanya kusarudza nezveizwi. Hapana kana katsamba kamwechete kaikahadzika kakabuda munzeve dzake dzainzwa. Kuzvinzwa, ipapo, pachidzidzo, zvakadzikama, nenzira yakanyatsowana kujeka kwekristaro.

Spohr akagadzirisa nheyo dzake dzekudzidzisa mu "Chikoro". Yakanga iri nhungamiro yefundo inoshanda iyo yakanga isingatsvaki nharidzano yokuunganidza kunofambira mberi kwounyanzvi; yaive neaesthetic maonero, maonero emunyori wayo paviolin pedagogy, zvichikutendera kuti uone kuti munyori wayo aive munzvimbo yehunyanzvi dzidzo yemudzidzi. Aigara achipomerwa mhosva yekuti "haana kukwanisa" kuparadzanisa "maitiro" kubva "mumhanzi" mu "Chikoro" chake. Muchokwadi, Spurs haina uye yaisakwanisa kumisa basa rakadaro. Spohr's contemporary violin technique haisati yasvika pakubatanidza misimboti yehunyanzvi nehunyanzvi. Iko kusanganiswa kwehunyanzvi uye tekinoroji nguva kwairatidzika kunge kusiri kwechisikigo kune vamiriri venormative pedagogy yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vaikurudzira kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi.

"Chikoro" chaSpohr chatove chekare, asi munhoroondo chaive chiitiko chakakosha, sezvayaitsanangura nzira inoenda kune iyo hunyanzvi hwekudzidzisa, iyo muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX yakawana kutaura kwayo kwepamusoro mubasa raJoachim naAuer.

L. Raaben