Komitas (Comitas) |

Komitas

Ndagara uye ndicharamba ndakabatwa nemimhanzi yeKomitas. A. Khachaturyan

Imwe nyanzvi yeArmenian muimbi, folklorist, muimbi, muimbi wekwaya, mudzidzisi, mumhanzi uye veruzhinji, Komitas (zita chairo Soghomon Gevorkovich Soghomonyan) akaita basa rakakosha mukuumbwa nekusimudzira chikoro chenyika chevanyori. Chiitiko chake chekushandura tsika dzemumhanzi wenyanzvi weEurope pahwaro hwenyika, uye kunyanya, hurongwa hwemanzwi akawanda enziyo dzechiArmenian dze monodic (imwe-izwi), zvaive zvakakosha kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera zvevanyori veArmenian. Komitas ndiye muvambi weArmenian musical ethnografia, akaita mupiro wakakoshera kurudzi rwemimhanzi yenyika - akaunganidza akapfuma kwazvo anthology yeArmenian murimi uye nenziyo dzekare dzeGusan (hunyanzvi hwevaimbi-ngano). Hunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana hweKomitas hwakaratidza kupasi rose hupfumi hwese hwechiArmenian folk rwiyo tsika. Mumhanzi wake unofadza nekuchena kunoshamisa uye kuchena. Mutsindo unopinda mukati, kudzokororwa kusinganzwisisike kwezvimiro zveharmonic uye ruvara rwengano yenyika, manyorerwo akakwenenzverwa, kukwana kwechimiro chimiro chechimiro chake.

Komitas ndiye munyori wenhamba shoma yemabasa, anosanganisira Liturgy ("Patarag"), piyano miniature, solo uye kwaya kurongeka kwenziyo dzevarombo uye dzemudhorobha, zviitiko zve opera ("Anush", "Vakabatwa nekunaka", "Sasun". heroes"). Nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hwekuimba uye izwi rinoshamisa, mukomana wekutanga nherera muna 1881 akanyoreswa seakapedza kudzidza paEtchmiadzin Theological Academy. Pano tarenda rake rakatanhamara rinoratidzwa zvizere: Komitas anojairana neEuropean dzidziso yemimhanzi, anonyora pasi nziyo dzechechi nedzevanhu, anoita miedzo yekutanga mukwaya (polyphonic) kugadzirisa nziyo dzevarimi.

Mushure mekupedza kosi yeAcademy muna 1893, akakwidziridzwa kusvika pachinhanho chehieromonk uye mukuremekedza akatanhamara mugadziri wenziyo weArmenia wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. zita rekuti Komitas. Nokukurumidza Komitas akagadzwa ikoko somudzidzisi wokuimba; pamwe chete, anotungamirira kwaya, anoronga boka rezviridzwa zvevanhu.

Muna 1894-95. zvinyorwa zvekutanga zveKomitas zvenziyo dzevanhu uye nyaya inoti “nziyo dzechechi yeArmenia” zvinobuda mukudhinda. Achiona kusakwana kweruzivo rwake rwemumhanzi uye dzidziso, muna 1896 Komitas akaenda kuBerlin kuti apedze dzidzo yake. Kwemakore matatu ari paimba yepachivande yeR. Schmidt, akadzidza makosi ekuimba, akatora zvidzidzo zvekuridza piyano, kuimba uye kuridza kwaya. Kuyunivhesiti, Komitas anopinda hurukuro dzehuzivi, aesthetics, nhoroondo yeruzhinji uye nhoroondo yemimhanzi. Ehezve, chinotariswa chiri pahupenyu hwakapfuma hwemimhanzi hweBerlin, kwaanoteerera kudzokororwa uye makonzati eiyo symphony orchestra, pamwe nemitambo yeopera. Panguva yekugara kwake muBerlin, anopa hurukuro dzavose pamusoro pechiArmenian vanhu uye mimhanzi yechechi. Chiremera chaKomitas se folklorist-muongorori chakakwira zvekuti International Musical Society inomusarudza senhengo uye inoburitsa zvinyorwa zvehurukuro dzake.

Muna 1899 Komitas akadzokera kuEtchmiadzin. Makore ebasa rake rinobereka zvibereko zvakatanga munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzetsika dzemimhanzi yenyika - sainzi, ethnographic, kugadzira, kuita, pedagogical. Ari kushanda pane huru "Ethnographic Collection", kurekodha nezve 4000 chechi yeArmenian, Kurdish, Persian neTurkey nenziyo dzenyika, kududzira Armenian khaz (manotsi), vachidzidza dzidziso yemodhi, nziyo dzevanhu pachavo. Mumakore mamwe chetewo, anogadzira gadziriro dzenziyo dzekwaya pasina kuperekedzwa, dzakaratidzwa nekunaka kwehunyanzvi kuravira, kusanganisirwa nemunyori muzvirongwa zvemakonzati ake. Idzi nziyo dzakasiyana mukufananidzira uye genre affiliation: rudo-lyrical, komiki, kutamba ("Spring", "Famba", "Walked, sparkled"). Pakati pavo pane zvinosuruvarisa monologues ("The Crane", "Rwiyo rwevasina pekugara"), basa ("The Lori Orovel", "Rwiyo rweBarn"), mifananidzo yetsika ("Kwaziwai Mangwanani"), epic-heroic. ("Varume Vakashinga veSipan") uye mifananidzo yemamiriro. (“Mwedzi munyoro”) kutenderera.

Muna 1905-07. Komitas inopa makonti akawanda, inotungamira kwaya, uye inobatikana mumimhanzi uye kuparadzira zviitiko. Muna 1905, pamwe chete neboka rekwaya raakasika muEtchmiadzin, akaenda kunzvimbo yemazuva ano yemitambo yemimhanzi yeTranscaucasia, Tiflis (Tbilisi), kwaakaita makonzati uye hurukuro nekubudirira kukuru. Kwapera gore, muna Zvita 1906, muParis, nemakonzati ake nehurukuro, Komitas akakwezva kutarisisa kwevaimbi vakakurumbira, vamiriri vesainzi uye hunyanzvi hwenyika. Hurukuro dzacho dzaive nemaungira makuru. Kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa uye kuumbwa kwekutanga kweKomitas kwakakosha zvekuti zvakapa C. Debussy zvikonzero zvekuti: "Dai Komitas akanyora chete "Antuni" ("Rwiyo rwevasina musha." - DA), saka izvi zvingave zvakakwana. kumutora semuimbi mukuru.” Komitas zvinyorwa "Armenian Peasant Music" uye muunganidzwa wenziyo dzakagadziriswa naye "Armenian Lyre" zvinoburitswa muParis. Gare gare Concerts ake kwakaitika Zurich, Geneva, Lausanne, Bern, Venice.

Kudzokera kuEtchmiadzin (1907), Komitas akaenderera mberi nebasa rake rakawanda rakawanda kwemakore matatu. Chirongwa chekugadzira opera "Anush" iri kuibva. Panguva imwecheteyo, hukama pakati paKomitas nevechechi yake yevafundisi huri kuwedzera kuipa. Ruvengo rwakazaruka kune chikamu chevafundisi vanopindura, kusanzwisisa kwavo kuzere kukosha kwenhoroondo yezviitwa zvake, kwakamanikidza munyori kusiya Etchmiadzin (1910) ndokunogara muConstantinople aine tarisiro yekugadzira nzvimbo yeArmenian Conservatory ikoko. Kunyange zvazvo asingakwanisi kuziva chirongwa ichi, zvisinei, Komitas ari kuita zvekudzidzisa uye kuita mabasa ane simba rimwechete - anoita makonti mumaguta eTurkey neEgypt, achiita semutungamiri wemakwaya aanoronga uye semuimbi-muimbi. Marekodhi egiramufoni ekuimba kwaKomitas, akaitwa mukati memakore aya, anopa pfungwa yezwi rake rakapfava baritone timbre, maitiro ekuimba, ayo anoburitsa maitiro erwiyo rwakaitwa zvine hungwaru. Muchokwadi, ndiye aive muvambi wechikoro chenyika chekuimba.

Sekare, Komitas anokokwa kuti ape hurukuro nemishumo munzvimbo huru dzemimhanzi muEurope - Berlin, Leipzig, Paris. Mishumo pamusoro peArmenian folk music, yakaitwa muna June 1914. muParis pamusangano weInternational Musical Society, yakaita, maererano naye, pfungwa huru kune vatori vechikamu cheforamu.

Basa rekugadzira reKomitas rakavhiringidzwa nezviitiko zvinosuruvarisa zvekuurayiwa kwevanhu - kuuraya kweArmenians, kwakarongwa nevakuru veTurkey. Pana April 11, 1915, apinzwa mutorongo, iye, pamwe chete neboka ravanhu vakatanhamara vamabhuku nemifananidzo vechiArmenian, vakadzingirwa mukati-kati meTurkey. Nekukumbira kwevanhu vane simba, Komitas anodzoserwa kuConstantinople. Zvisinei, zvaakaona zvakakanganisa pfungwa dzake zvokuti muna 1916 akapedzisira ava muchipatara chevanorwara nepfungwa. Muna 1919, Komitas akatakurwa kuParis, kwaakafira. Zvisaririra zvemunyori zvakavigwa muYerevan pantheon yemasayendisiti uye maartist. Basa reKomitas rakapinda muhomwe yegoridhe yeArmenian mimhanzi tsika. Mudetembi akatanhamara weArmenia Yeghishe Charents akataura zvakanaka nezvekubatana kwake kweropa nevanhu vake:

Muimbi, iwe unodyiswa nevanhu, iwe wakatora rwiyo kubva kwaari, wakarota mufaro, saiye, kutambura kwake uye kunetseka kwawakagovana mune ramangwana rako - nokuti sei uchenjeri hwemunhu, hwakapiwa kwauri kubva paucheche vanhu mutauro wakachena.

D. Arutyunov