Keynote |

German Leitmotiv, lit. - chinangwa chinotungamira

Mumhanzi mupfupi. turnover (bh rwiyo, dzimwe nguva rwiyo rune kuwiriraniswa kwakapihwa kune chimwe chiridzwa, zvichingodaro. prod. uye kushanda sechiratidzo uye chimiro chemumwe munhu, chinhu, chiitiko, manzwiro, kana pfungwa isinganzwisisiki (L., inoratidzwa nekubatana, dzimwe nguva inonzi leitharmony, inoratidzwa netimbre - leittimbre, nezvimwewo). L. inonyanya kushandiswa mumitambo yemitambo. mhando uye software instr. music. Yakava imwe yezvirevo zvakakosha. mari muchikamu chekutanga. 1th century Izwi iro pacharo rakatanga kushandiswa gare gare. Zvinowanzonzi ndezvaari. philologist G. Wolzogen, uyo akanyora nezvemitambo yaWagner (19); kutaura zvazviri, kunyange pamberi paWolzogen, shoko rokuti “L.” yakashandiswa naFW Jens mubasa rake paKM Weber (1876). Pasinei nekusarongeka uye kuwirirana kwezwi, yakakurumidza kupararira uye yakawana kuzivikanwa kwete chete mumimhanzi yemimhanzi, asiwo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, ikava izwi reimba kune ane simba, rinogara richidzokorora nguva mumabasa evanhu, zviitiko zvehupenyu zvakakomberedza, nezvimwe.

Mumumhanzi prod. pamwe chete ne-expressive-semantic function, mutauro unoitawo basa rinovaka (thematically unifying, formative) basa. Mabasa akafanana kusvika muzana remakore rechi19. kazhinji inogadziriswa zvakasiyana mu decomp. mhando dzemimhanzi: nzira dzemaitiro akajeka akajairika. Mamiriro ezvinhu uye mamiriro epfungwa zvakagadziridzwa mu opera yezana ramakore rechi 17-18, nepo kuitiswa kwemuse mumwechete kwakapfuura nekupfuura. madingindira aishandiswa kunyangwe mumapolyphonic ekare. mafomu (ona Cantus firmus). Nheyo yemutsara yakanga yatotsanangurwa mune imwe yemitambo yekutanga (Monteverdi's Orfeo, 1607), asi haina kuvandudzwa mune dzakazotevera nziyo dzekuimba nekuda kwekristaro kwemawoks ega mumhanzi weopera. mafomu e conc. plan. Dzokororo mumhanzi-thematic zvivakwa, zvakakamurwa nemamwe madingindira. zvinhu, zvakasangana chete muzviitiko zvisiri izvo (mamwe opera naJB Lully, A. Scarlatti). Mukubatana chete. Kugamuchirwa kwezana ramakore re18 L. kunoumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma mukupedzisira maoperas eWA Mozart uye muma opera eFrench. vanyori venguva yeGreat French. mabhindauko – A. Gretry, J. Lesueur, E. Megul, L. Cherubini. Nhoroondo yechokwadi yeL. inotanga munguva yekuvandudzwa kwemamusi. romanticism uye inobatanidzwa zvakanyanya nayo. romantic opera (ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, G. Marschner). Panguva imwecheteyo, L. inova imwe yenzira dzekushandisa iyo huru. zvepfungwa zviri muopera. Saka, kunetsana kuri pakati pemasimba echiedza nerima muopera yaWeber The Free Gunner (1821) kwakaratidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemadingindira nemamotif akabatana mumapoka maviri akasiyana. R. Wagner, achivandudza nheyo dzeWeber, akashandisa mutsara wemitsara mu opera The Flying Dutchman (1842); mhedziso yemutambo inoratidzirwa nekuonekwa uye kupindirana kwe leitmotifs yeDutchman neSenta, inofananidzira nguva imwe chete. "kutuka" uye "kudzikinurwa".

Dutch leitmotif.

Leitmotif yeSenta.

Kunyanya kukosha kwaWagner kwaive kusikwa uye kuvandudzwa kwemamuses. dramaturgy, p. paL system. Yakagamuchira kutaura kwayo kwakazara mumimhanzi yake yakazotevera. madhirama, kunyanya mutetralogy "Ring of the Nibelungen", uko kusinganzwisisike muses. mifananidzo inenge isipo zvachose, uye L. haingoratidzi nguva dzakakosha dzemadhirama. zviito, asi zvakare inopinda mumimhanzi yese, preim. orchestral, machira Vanozivisa kutaridzika kwemagamba pachikuva, "simbisa" kutaurwa nezvavo, varatidze manzwiro avo nemafungiro, tarisira zvimwe zviitiko; dzimwe nguva polyphonic. kubatana kana kutevedzana kweL. kunoratidza hukama hunokonzera zviitiko; mune inoyevedza-mufananidzo. episode (huni dzeRhine, chinhu chemoto, kurira kwesango), inoshanduka kuita mifananidzo yekumashure. Hurongwa hwakadaro, zvisinei, hwakanga huzere nekupokana: kuwandisa kwemimhanzi yaL. kwakaderedza simba reumwe neumwe wavo uye kwakaomesa maonero ezvose. Mazuvano Kuna Wagner, vanyori nevateveri vake vakadzivirira kuomarara kwakanyanya kweiyo L system. Kukosha kwemutsara kwakazivikanwa nevanyori vazhinji vezana ramakore re19, avo vaiwanzosvika pakushandiswa kwemutsara vakazvimiririra kubva kuna Wagner. France muma20s ne30s 19th century nhanho yega yega mukuvandudzwa kweopera inoratidza kusimuka zvishoma nezvishoma asi kwakadzikama mudramaturgy. mabasa aL. (J. Meyerbeer – C. Gounod – J. Wiese – J. Massenet – C. Debussy). MuItaly ivo vakazvimiririra. G. Verdi akatora chinzvimbo maererano naL.: aifarira kutaura chete pakati nerubatsiro rwaL. . L. akawana kukosha kukuru mumitambo yeva verists uye G. Puccini. MuRussia, nheyo dzemimhanzi-thematic. inodzokorora kumashure muma1871s. yakagadzirwa naMI Glinka (opera "Ivan Susanin"). Kushandisa zvakanyanya L. huya kune 30nd floor. 2th century PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Mamwe emaopera ekupedzisira akazivikanwa nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavo. kushandiswa kwemitemo yeWagnerian (kunyanya Mlada, 19); panguva imwecheteyo, anotanga zvinhu zvakawanda zvitsva mukududzirwa kweL. - mukuumbwa kwavo nekukura. MaRussian classics anowanzo ramba kunyanyisa kweiyo Wagnerian system.

Kuedza kushandisa musimboti wemutsara mumhanzi weballet kwakatoitwa naA. Adam muGiselle (1841), asi L. Delibes's system of linearity yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muchero muCoppélia (1870). Basa raL rakakosha zvakare mumabheti aTchaikovsky. Iyo chaiyo yemhando inoisa mberi rimwe dambudziko rekuyambuka-kutema dramaturgy - choreographic. L. Muballet Giselle (ballet dancer J. Coralli naJ. Perrot), basa rakafanana rinoitwa nevanonzi. pas ballot. Dambudziko rekubatana kwepedyo pakati pechoreographic nemitambo yemimhanzi yakagadziriswa zvakabudirira muSov. ballet (Spartacus naAI Khachaturian - LV Yakobson, Yu. N. Grigorovich, Cinderella na SS Prokofiev - KM Sergeev, nezvimwewo).

In instr. L. mimhanzi yakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya muzana remakore rechi19. Mhedzisiro yemimhanzi t-ra yakaita basa rakakosha mune izvi, asi haina kuibvisa. basa. Nzira yekuitisa mutambo wose k.-l. hunhu motif hwakagadzirwa neimwe French. harpsichordists muzana remakore rechi18. ("The Cuckoo" naK. Daken nevamwe) uye yakasimudzwa kusvika padanho repamusoro neveViennese classics (chikamu chekutanga cheMozart's symphony "Jupiter"). Kuvandudza tsika idzi maererano nemafungiro ane chinangwa uye anonyatsoratidzwa, L. Beethoven akasvika pedyo nenheyo yaL. (Appassionata sonata, chikamu 1, Egmont overture, uye kunyanya symphony yechishanu).

The Fantastic Symphony yakanyorwa naG. Berlioz (1830) yaive yakakosha kutenderwa naL. muchirongwa chesymphony, umo mutinhimira une mutinhimira unopfuura nepakati pezvikamu zvishanu zvese, dzimwe nguva zvichichinja, zvakasarudzwa muchirongwa chemunyori se "dingindira rinodiwa" :

Inoshandiswa nenzira yakafanana, L. mune symphony "Harold muItaly" (1834) naBerlioz inowedzerwa netimbre hunhu hwegamba (solo viola). Sechimiro che "mufananidzo" weiyo huru. hunhu, L. akazvisimbisa musymphony. prod. chirongwa-chirongwa chemhando ("Tamara" naBalakirev, "Manfred" naTchaikovsky, "Til Ulenspiegel" naR. Strauss, nezvimwewo). MuRimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade suite (1888), iyo inotyisa Shahriar uye yakapfava Scheherazade inoratidzwa nenzira yekusiyanisa mitsetse, asi mune akati wandei, seizvo munyori pachake anonongedza, aya ndiwo madingindira. zvinhu zvinoshandisa zvinangwa zvinovaka chete, zvichirasikirwa nehunhu hwazvo.

Leitmotif yeShahriar.

Leitmotif of Scheherazade.

Chikamu chikuru cheI kufamba ("Gungwa").

Rutivi chikamu cheChikamu I.

Iyo anti-Wagnerian uye anti-rudo mafambiro, ayo akawedzera mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga ye1-1914. miitiro yakaderedza zvikuru dramaturgy inokosha. basa raL. Panguva imwecheteyo, akachengetedza kukosha kweimwe yenzira dzemuchinjikwa-muses. development. Vakawanda vanogona kushanda semuenzaniso. zvigadzirwa zvinoshamisa. dec. mhando: iyo opera Wozzeck naBerg uye Hondo uye Runyararo naProkofiev, iyo oratorio Joan weArc padanda naHonegger, ma ballet Petrushka naStravinsky, Romeo naJuliet naProkofiev, Shostakovich's 18th symphony, nezvimwe.

Hupfumi hweruzivo rwakaunganidzwa mumunda wekushandiswa kweL. kweanoda kusvika mazana maviri emakore, inotibvumira kuratidza maitiro ayo akakosha. L. ndiyo yekutanga. instr. zvinoreva, kunyange zvazvo inogonawo kunzwika mu wok. zvikamu zve operas uye oratorios. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, L. ingori wok. rwiyo, uchiri instr. (orchestral) fomu, dhigirii rekongiri kwayo uye chimiro chekufananidzira chinowedzera nekuda kwekuwirirana, polyphony, rejista yakafara uye ine simba. siyana, uyewo chaiwo. instr. timbre. Orc. L., kuwedzera uye kutsanangura zvakataurwa mumashoko kana kusataurwa zvachose, zvinonyanya kushanda. Ndizvo zvakaita kuonekwa kwaL. Siegfried mumagumo e "The Valkyrie" (apo hero yakanga isati yaberekwa uye isina kutumidzwa nezita) kana inzwi raL. Ivan the Terrible muchiitiko ichocho che opera "The Maid of Pskov." ", patiri kutaura nezvababa vaOlga vasingazivikanwi. Kukosha kweakadaro L. mukuratidza psychology yegamba yakakura kwazvo, semuenzaniso. muchiitiko chechina che opera The Queen of Spades, apo L. Countess, akavhiringidzwa nekumbomira,

inoratidza panguva imwe chete. Chido chaHerman chekuziva nekukurumidza chakavanzika chinouraya uye kuzeza kwake.

Nekuda kwetsamba inodiwa pakati pemimhanzi uye zviito zveL., ivo vanowanzoitwa mumamiriro ekuita kwakajeka kwedanho. mamiriro ezvinhu. Musanganiswa unonzwisisika wekupfuura uye usiri-kuburikidza nemifananidzo unopa kune yakakurumbira sarudzo yeL.

Mabasa L., musimboti, anogona kuita decomp. music elements. mitauro, yakatorwa zvakasiyana (leitharmonies, leittimbres, leittonality, leitrhythms), asi kupindirana kwavo kunonyanya kuitika pasi pekutonga kwemutinhimira. kutanga (cross-cutting theme, phrase, motivation). Zvinoreva kupfupika - zvakasikwa. mamiriro ekubatanidzwa kuri nyore kweL. mumhanzi wakawanda. development. Hazvishamisi kuti L., inoratidzwa nedingindira rakapedzwa pekutanga, rigopatsanurwazve kuita rakaparadzana. zvinhu zvinozvimiririra kuita mabasa ea kuburikidza nehunhu (izvi zvinowanzoitika paWagner's leitmotif tekinoroji); kupwanya kwakafanana kweL. kunowanikwawo mu instr. mimhanzi - mumasymphonies, umo dingindira guru rekutanga kufamba muchimiro chakapfupikiswa rinotamba basa raL. mune zvimwe zvikamu zvekutenderera (Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony uye Dvorak's 1th Symphony). Iko kune zvakare reverse process, kana yakajeka-yekucheka dingindira inoumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kune yakaparadzana chikamu. precursor zvinhu (zvakajairika kune nzira dzeVerdi uye Rimsky-Korsakov). Sezvo mutemo, L. inoda kunyanya kujekesa kutaura, unhu hwakajeka, hunova nechokwadi chekuzivikanwa nyore mubasa rose. Mamiriro ekupedzisira anogadzirisa kugadziridzwa kwemutsara, mukusiyana nemaitiro e monothematic. kuchinjwa kwaF. List nevateveri vake.

Muimba yemitambo. prod. imwe neimwe L., sekutonga, inounzwa panguva iyo zvazvinoreva zvinobva zvajeka kuvonga kune inoenderana wok chinyorwa. mapato, maitiro emamiriro ezvinhu uye maitiro evatambi. Mune symph. kujekeswa kwemimhanzi yezvinoreva L. chirongwa chemunyori kana otd. mirairo yemunyori pamusoro pechinangwa chikuru. Kusavapo kwekuona uye kwemazwi mareferenzi mapoinzi panguva yekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi kunomisa zvakanyanya kushandiswa kweL.

Kupfupika uye kwakajeka hunhu hwaL. kazhinji hunosarudza nzvimbo yayo yakakosha mutsika. mafomu emimhanzi, kwaasingawanzo kuridza chikamu chechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvefomu (iyo rondo refrain, iyo huru dingindira re sonata Allegro), asi kazhinji inopindira zvisingatarisirwi decomp. zvikamu zvaro. Panguva imwecheteyo, muzvinyorwa zvemahara, zviitiko zvekudzokorora uye mabasa makuru. theatre. chirongwa, chakatorwa sese, L. inogona kuita basa rakakosha rekugadzira, ichivapa nemimhanzi-thematic. kubatana.

References: Rimsky-Korsakov HA, "The Snow Maiden" - chitubu ngano (1905), "RMG", 1908, No 39/40; yake pachake, Wagner naDargomyzhsky (1892), mubhuku rake: Musical articles and notes, 1869-1907, St. Petersburg, 1911 (chinyorwa chakazara chezvinyorwa zvose zviri zviviri, Poln. , 2-4); Asafiev BV, Musical fomu senzira, M., 1960, (pamwe chete nebhuku 63), L., 1930; Druskin MS, Mibvunzo yemhanzi dramaturgy ye opera, L., 2; Yarustovsky BM, Dramaturgy yeRussian opera classics, M., 1963, 1952; Sokolov O., Leitmotifs ye opera "Pskovityanka", muunganidzwa: Nyaya dzeDhipatimendi reMumhanzi Theory, Moscow. Conservatory, vol. 1952, Moscow, 1953; Protopopov Vl., "Ivan Susanin" Glinka, M., 1, p. 1960-1961; Bogdanov-Berezovsky VM, Zvinyorwa nezve ballet, L., 242, p. 83, 1962-48; Wagner R., Oper und Drama, Lpz., 73; zvakafanana, Sämtliche Schriften und Dichtung (Volksausgabe), Bd 74-1852, Lpz., (oj) (shanduro yechiRussian - Opera neDrama, M., 3); vake, Eine Mitteilung an meine Freunde (4), ibid., Bd 1906, Lpz., (oj); zvake pachake, bber die Anwendung der Musik auf das Drama, ibid., Bd 1851, Lpz., (oj) (mushanduro yechiRussian – Pakushandiswa kwemimhanzi kumutambo, muunganidzwa wake: Zvinyorwa zvakasarudzwa, M., 4); Federlein G., Lber “Rheingold” von R. Wagner. Versuch einer musikalischen Interpretation, “Musikarisches Wochenblatt”, 10, (Bd) 1935; Jdhns Fr. W., CM Weber mu seinen Werken, B., 1871; Wolzogen H. von, Motive in R. Wagners “Siegfried”, “Musikarisches Wochenblatt”, 2, (Bd) 1871; wake, Thematischer Leitfaden durch die Musik zu R. Wagners Festspiel “Der Ring der Nibelungen”, Lpz., 1876; yake pachake, Motive in Wagners “Götterdämmerung”, “Musikarisches Wochenblatt”, 7-1876, (Bd) 1877-1879; Haraszti E., Le problime du Leitmotiv, “RM”, 8, (v.) 10; Abraham G., The Leitmotiv kubvira Wagner, “ML”, 1923, (v.) 4; Bernet-Kempers K. Th., Herinneringsmotieven leitmotieven, grondthemas, Amst. — P., 1925; Wörner K., Beiträge zur Geschichte des Leitmotivs in der Oper, ZfMw, 6, Jahrg. 1929, H. 1931; Engländer R., Zur Geschichte des Leitmotivs, “ZfMw”, 14, Jahrg. 3, H. 1932; Matter J., La fonction psychologique du leitmotiv wagnerien, "SMz", 14, (Jahrg.) 7; Mainka J., Sonatenform, Leitmotiv und Charakterbegleitung, “Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft”, 1961, Jahrg. 101, H. 1963.

GV Krauklis