Invoice |

lat. factura - kugadzira, kugadzirisa, chimiro, kubva kune facio - ndinoita, ndinoita, ndinoumba; German Faktur, Satz - dura, Satzweise, Schreibweise - kunyora maitiro; French facture, chimiro, conformation - mudziyo, kuwedzera; Chirungu magadzirirwo, magadzirirwo, chimiro, kuvaka-up; ital. chimiro

Mupfungwa yakafara - imwe yemativi emhando yemimhanzi, inosanganisirwa mune inoyevedza uye yehuzivi yechimiro chemimhanzi mukubatana nemhando dzose dzekutaura; mune yakamanikana uye yakajairika pfungwa - chaiyo dhizaini yemucheka wemimhanzi, mharidzo yemimhanzi.

Izwi rekuti "chimiro" rinoburitswa maererano nepfungwa ye "mumhanzi warehouse". Monodic. imba yekuchengetera inongotora chete "yakachinjika dimension" pasina chero hukama hwakamira. Mukunyatsobatana monodich. samples (Gregorian chant, Znamenny chant) ine musoro mumwe. mimhanzi jira uye F. zvakafanana. Rich monodic. F. inosiyanisa, semuenzaniso, mimhanzi yekuMabvazuva. vanhu vaisaziva polyphony: muUzbek. uye taj. Makome vachiimba vachinzi instr. kuungana nekutora chikamu kwengoma dzinoita usul. Monodic. warehouse uye F. zviri nyore kupinda muchiitiko chepakati pakati pe monody ne polyphony - mune heterophonic mharidzo, apo kuimba pamwe chete mukuita kwekuita kunowedzera kuoma. melodic-textural sarudzo.

Izvo zvakakosha zve polyphony. warehouse - kuwirirana panguva imwe chete. nziyo dzinorira. mitsetse yakazvimiririra. budiriro iyo (yakawanda kana zvishoma yakazvimirira kubva kumakonzonenzi anosimuka achitevedza svutugadzike) inoumba pfungwa dzemamuses. mafomu. Mumhanzi wepolyphonic Iwo matishu ezwi anoratidza tsika yekuenzana, asi anogona zvakare kuita akawanda. Pakati pehunhu hwepolyphonic F. zvisikwa. density uye sparseness ("viscosity" uye "transparency") zvakakosha, to-rye inodzorwa nehuwandu hwepolyphonic. manzwi (vatenzi vemhando yakasimba vakanyora vachida 8-12 manzwi, kuchengetedza rudzi rumwe rweF. pasina shanduko yakapinza musonority; zvisinei, muruzhinji yaive tsika kumisa yakanakisa polyphony nechiedza maviri- kana matatu-manzwi, semuenzaniso, Crucifixus mumhomho yePalestrina). Palestrina inongoratidzira, uye mukunyora kwemahara, nzira dzepolyphonic dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya. kukora, kukora (kunyanya pakupera kwechidimbu) nerubatsiro rwekuwedzera uye kuderera, stretta (fugue muC-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeBach's Well-Tempered Clavier), musanganiswa wemadingindira akasiyana (iyo coda yekupedzisira ye Taneyev's symphony mu c-moll). Mumuenzaniso uri pazasi, kukora kwemavara nekuda kwekukurumidza kupuruzira kwenhanganyaya uye kukura kwemavara ekutanga (makumi matatu nechipiri) uye 1nd (chords) zvinhu zvedingindira hunhu:

JS Bach. Fugue muD-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeWell-Tempered Clavier (mabhawa 23-27).

Kune polyphonic F. inofananidzira kubatana kwepateni, kusavapo kwekusiyanisa kwakapinza musonority, uye nhamba isingaperi yemanzwi. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvepolyphonic P. - fluidity; polyphony. F. inosiyaniswa nekugara ichivandudzwa, kusavapo kwedzokororo chaiyo uchichengeta iyo thematic yakazara. kubatana. Kutsanangura kukosha kwepolyphonic. F. ane rhythmic. uye thematic ratio yemavhoti. Nenguva dzakafanana, kwaya F. inooneka mumanzwi ose. Iyi F. haina kufanana nechord-harmonic, sezvo kufamba kuno kunotarirwa nekutumirwa kwemutinhimira. mitsara mune rimwe nerimwe remazwi, uye kwete nehukama hwekushanda kweharmonics. verticals, semuenzaniso:

F. d'Ana. Chidimbu kubva kumotet.

Iyo yakatarisana kesi ndeye polyphonic. F., zvichibva pane yakazara metrorhythm. kuzvimiririra kwemanzwi, sezviri mumagwaro evarume (ona muenzaniso muv. Canon, chikamu 692); iyo yakajairika mhando yecomplementary polyphonic. F. inotemwa nemusoro. uye rhythmic. saivo. manzwi (mukutevedzera, canons, fugues, nezvimwewo). Polyphonic F. haisanganisi mutinhi unopinza. stratification uye kusaenzana kwereshiyo yemanzwi: manzwi ekupesana anofamba munguva pfupi pfupi anoumba kumashure kweiyo inotonga cantus firmus (mumasa uye motets ye15th-16th century, muorgan kwaya yeBach kuronga). Mumumhanzi wenguva dzakazotevera (zana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi 20), polyphony yemadingindira akasiyana akagadzirwa, achigadzira zvinoyevedza zvisingaite F. (semuenzaniso, mameseji akarukwa emhando dzemoto, ramangwana, uye hope dzaBrünnhilde pakupera kweopera yaWagner The Valkyrie. ) Pakati pezviitiko zvitsva zvemimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20. inofanira kucherechedzwa: F. linear polyphony (kufamba kwemanzwi anowirirana uye ane rhythmically asina kubatanidzwa, ona Milhaud's Chamber Symphonies); P., yakabatana neyakaoma dissonant kudzokorora kwepolyphonic. manzwi uye kushanduka kuita polyphony yezvikamu (kazhinji mubasa raO. Messiaen); "demateerialized" pointllistic. F. mune op. A. Webrn uye mhiri paporigoni. kuomarara orc. counterpoint naA. Berg naA. Schoenberg; polyphonic F. aleatory (mu V. Lutoslavsky) uye sonoristic. migumisiro (naK. Penderecki).

O. Mesiya. Epouvante (Rhythmic canon. Muenzaniso Nhamba 50 kubva mubhuku rake "The Technique of My Musical Language").

Kazhinji, izwi rokuti "F." inoshandiswa kumumhanzi we harmonica. warehouse. Mumhando isingaverengeki yemhando dze harmonic. F. Yokutanga uye yakapusa ndiyo kupatsanurwa kwayo kuita homophonic-harmonic uye yakakodzera chordal (iyo inoonekwa seyakakosha nyaya yehomophonic-harmonic). Chordal F. is monorhythmic: manzwi ese akaiswa mumanzwi enguva imwechete (kutanga kweTchaikovsky's overture-fantasy Romeo naJuliet). Mune homophonic harmonic. F. madhirowa enziyo, mabhesi uye manzwi anopindirana akaparadzaniswa zvakajeka (kutanga kweChopin's c-moll nocturne). Izvi zvinotevera zvinosiyaniswa. harmonic mharidzo mhando. consonances (Tyulin, 1976, ch. 3rd, 4th): a) harmonic. chimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro, chinomiririra imwe kana imwe nzira yekutevedzana kuratidzwa kwemanzwi ekurira (prelude C-dur kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeBach's Well-Tempered Clavier); b) rhythmic. figuration - kudzokororwa kweruzha kana kurira (detembo D-dur op. 32 No 2 naScriabin); c) zvakasiyana. makopi, semuenzaniso. mune octave ine orc. mharidzo (minuet kubva musymphony yaMozart mu g-moll) kana kureba kupeta kusvika kune yechitatu, yechitanhatu, zvichingodaro, kugadzira "tepi kufamba" ("Musical Moment" op. 16 No 3 by Rachmaninov); d) mhando dzakasiyana dzenziyo. mafiguration, musimboti wayo uri mukusuma melodic. kufamba mukuwirirana. manzwi - kuomeswa kweiyo chord figuration nekupfuura uye nekubatsira. manzwi (etude c-moll op. 10 No 12 by Chopin), melodicization (kwaya uye orchestra mharidzo yedingindira guru pakutanga kwechina kupenda "Sadko" naRimsky-Korsakov) uye polyphonization yemazwi (sumo ye "Lohengrin" naWagner), melodic-rhythmic "revitalization" org. pfungwa (4th pendi "Sadko", nhamba 4). Iyo yakapihwa systematization yemhando dze harmonic. F. ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa. Mumhanzi, kune akawanda chaiwo maitiro ezvinyorwa, kutaridzika kwayo uye nzira dzekushandisa dzinotemerwa ne stylistic. maitiro emumhanzi uyu-munhoroondo. eras; saka, nhoroondo yeF. haiparadzaniswi kubva munhoroondo yekubatana, orchestration (zvakanyanya, instrumentalism), uye kushanda.

Harmonic. warehouse uye F. kutanga mu polyphony; semuenzaniso, Palestrina, uyo ainyatsonzwa kunaka kwekudzikama, aigona kushandisa fananidzo yezviyero zvinobuda pamusoro pezviyero zvakawanda nerubatsiro rwepolyphonic yakaoma (canons) uye chorus pachayo. zvinoreva (kuyambuka, kudzokorora), kuyemura kuwirirana, sechishongo chine dombo (Kyrie kubva muhuwandu hwaPope Marcello, mbariro 9-11, 12-15 - shanu counterpoint). Kwenguva yakareba mu instr. prod. vanyori vezana remakore rechi17 chorus kupindwa muropa. F. kunyora kwakasimba kwaive pachena (semuenzaniso, mu org. Kiss. Ya Sweelinka), uye vanyori vaigutsikana nemaitiro akareruka uye madhirowa emusanganiswa harmonica. uye polyphonic. F. (ex. J. Frescobaldi). Basa rinoratidza raF. kunowedzera mukugadzirwa. 2nd gender 17 mukati. (kunyanya, iyo spatial-textural juxtapositions ye solo uye tutti muOp. A. Corelli). Mumhanzi I. C. Bach inoratidzirwa nekusimudzira kwepamusoro kweF. (chaconne d-moll yeviolin solo, "Goldberg Variations", "Brandenburg Concertos"), uye mune imwe virtuoso Op. ("Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue"; Fantasy G-dur for organ, BWV 572) Bach anoita zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa, zvinozoshandiswa zvakanyanya nevanodanana. Mimhanzi yeViennese classics inoratidzirwa nekujeka kwekuwirirana uye, maererano, kujeka kwemaitiro akagadzirwa. Vanyori vakashandisa nzira dzakareruka dzemanyorerwo uye dzaibva pamaitiro akajairwa ekufamba (somuenzaniso, manhamba akadai sendima kana arpeggios), ayo asina kupokana nemafungiro kuna F. sechinhu chakakosha chine musoro (ona, semuenzaniso, yepakati mumutsauko wechina kubva pakufamba kwekutanga kweMozart's sonata No 4 A-dur, K.-V. 331); mukuratidzwa nekukudziridzwa kwemadingindira kubva kuAllegri sonatas, kusimudzira kwekukurudzira kunoitika mukufambirana nekukura kwemavara (somuenzaniso, muchikamu chikuru nekubatanidza chikamu chekutanga cheBeethoven's Sonata No 1). Mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi 19, kunyanya pakati pevanyori veRomantic, kunze kunoonekwa. zvakasiyana-siyana zveF. - dzimwe nguva dzakasvibirira uye dzakawanda-layered, dzimwe nguva inotonhorera kumba, dzimwe nguva fantastically quirky; mutsauko wakasimba wezvinyorwa nemanyorero unomuka kunyangwe mubasa renyanzvi mumwechete (cf. akasiyana uye ane simba F. sonatas muh-moll yepiyano. uye inoyevedza yakanatswa kudhirowa fp. ridza "Grey Clouds" naLiszt). Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha maitiro mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi19. -Kusarudzika kwemadhirowa akadhirowa: kufarira mune zvinoshamisa, zvakasarudzika, hunhu hwerudo rwerudo, zvakaita kuti zvive zvemusikirwo kuramba manhamba akajairwa muF. Nzira dzakakosha dzakawanikwa pakusarudzwa kwe-multi-octave yerwiyo (Liszt); mukana wekusimudzira F. vaimbi vakawanikwa, chekutanga, murwiyo rwekuwirirana kukuru. mifananidzo (incl. h mune isina kujairika fomu semukupedzisira fp. sonata b-moll Chopin), dzimwe nguva ichishanduka kuita polyphonic. mharidzo (dingindira rechikamu chedivi mukuratidzwa kwebharadhi yekutanga yepiyano. Chopin). Mavara akasiyana-siyana akatsigira kufarira kwemuteereri mune wok. uye instr. kutenderera kwemadiki, iyo kusvika pamwero wakati yakakurudzira kuumbwa kwemimhanzi mumhando dzinoenderana zvakananga naF. - etudes, misiyano, rhapsodies. Bhavhadhe rinofadza. ruoko, pakanga paine polyphonization yeF. kazhinji (yekupedzisira yeviolin yaFrank sonata) uye harmonica. mifananidzo kunyanya (8-ch. canon musumo yeWagner's Rhine Gold). Rus. vaimbi vakawana manyuko ehunyowani hutsva mumanyorero eEast. mimhanzi (ona, kunyanya, Balakirev's "Islamei"). Chimwe chezvakakosha. kubudirira kwezana ramakore re19 munzvimbo yeF. - kusimbisa hupfumi hwayo hwekukurudzira, thematic. kusungwa (R. Wagner, I. Brahms): mune dzimwe Op. kutaura zvazviri, hapana kana chiyero chimwe chezvisiri-thematic. zvinhu (eg symphony mu c-moll, piyano. Taneyev Quintet, Rimsky-Korsakov's late operas). Iyo yakanyanyisa poindi yekusimudzira yemunhu F. kwaiva kubuda kweP.-harmony uye F.-timbre. Chinokosha chechiitiko ichi ndechekuti pane imwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kuwirirana, sokunge zvakadaro, kunopinda muP. pamwe chete, nemarejista epiyano, nekwaimbwa inotangira. mapoka; chinonyanya kukosha hakusi kureba, asi kuzadza kwemavara echord, kureva e. inotorwa sei. Mienzaniso yeF.-harmony iri muOp. M. AP Mussorgsky (semuenzaniso, "Clock ine chimes" kubva pachiito chechipiri. opera "Boris Godunov"). Asi kazhinji, chiitiko ichi chinonyanya kufanana nemimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20: F.-harmony inowanzowanikwa mukugadzirwa kwe. A. N. Scriabin (kutanga kwekutanga kwechikamu chekutanga che1 fp. sonatas; kuguma kwe7 fp. sonatas; yekupedzisira chord fp. nhetembo “KuMurazvo”), K. Debussy, S. AT. Rachmaninov. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kubatanidzwa kweF. uye kuwirirana kunogadza timbre (fp. ridza "Skarbo" naRavel), iyo inonyanya kutaurwa mu orc. nzira ye "kubatanidza nhamba dzakafanana", apo inzwi rinomuka kubva mukubatanidzwa kwe rhythmic. akasiyana echimwe chimiro chakagadzirwa (nzira inozivikanwa kwenguva yakareba, asi yakagadziridzwa zvine hungwaru muhuwandu hweI. F.

Mukutaura kwezana remakore rechi20. nzira dzakasiyana dzekuvandudza F. coexist. Sezvo maitiro akawanda anowanzoonekwa: kusimbiswa kwebasa reF. muhuwandu, kusanganisira polyphonic. F., zvine chekuita nehukuru hwepolyphony mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi20. (kunyanya, sekudzorerwa kweF. yenguva dzakapfuura mukugadzirwa kweneoclassical direction); kuwedzera kusarudzwa kwemaitiro ezvinyorwa (F. inonyanya "kuumbwa" kune rimwe nerimwe basa idzva, sezvinongoita chimiro chega uye kuwirirana kunosikirwa kwavari); kuwanikwa - maererano neharmonics itsva. tsika - dissonant duplications (3 etudes op. 65 by Scriabin), musiyano weakanyanya kuoma uye "zvakanatswa nyore" F. (chikamu chekutanga cheProkofiev's 1th piano concerto), uye improvisational mifananidzo. mhando (No 5 “Horizontal and Vertical” kubva kuShchedrin’s “Polyphonic Notebook”); musanganiswa wezvinyorwa zvepakutanga zve nat. mumhanzi une wirirano yazvino uno. uye oc. tekiniki Prof. art-va (inoyevedza "Symphonic Dances" Mold. Comp. P. Rivilis nemamwe mabasa); kuenderera mberi kweiyo F. c) kunyanya, muzvikamu uye serieri mabasa), zvichitungamira mukuzivikanwa kweiyo thematism uye F.

Kubuda mumhanzi mutsva wezana remakore rechi20. isiri-yechinyakare imba yekuchengetera, isina hukama neharmonic kana polyphonic, inosarudza inoenderana mhando dzePh.: chimedu chinotevera chechigadzirwa. inoratidza kuregera kunoenderana nemimhanzi iyi, kusawirirana kweF. - register stratification (kuzvimirira), kusimba. uye kutaura. musiyano:

P. Boulez. Piano Sonata Nha 1, kutanga kwekutanga kufamba.

Kukosha kweF. muunyanzvi hwemimhanzi. avant-garde inounzwa kune logic. muganhu, apo F. inova inenge imwe chete (muhuwandu hwemabasa naK. Penderetsky) kana zvikwata. chinangwa chebasa remunyori chaiye (vocal. Stockhausen's “Stimmungen” sextet is a texture-timbre variation of one B-dur triad). F. kunatsiridza munzwi rakapihwa kana mutinhimira. mukati - chikuru. kugamuchirwa kweanodzorwa aleatorics (op. V. Lutoslavsky); munda weF. unosanganisira uncountable set of sonoristic. zvigadzirwa (muunganidzwa wemaitiro e-sonoristic - "Coloristic fantasy" yeiyo opera Slonimsky). Kumumhanzi wemagetsi uye kongiri wakagadzirwa pasina tsika. zvishandiso uye nzira dzekuuraya, iyo pfungwa yeF., sezviri pachena, haishande.

F. anorasa zvinoreva. kuumba mikana (Mazel, Zuckerman, 1967, mapeji 331-342). Kubatana pakati pefomu uye fomu kunoratidzwa mukuti kuchengetedzwa kwechimiro chakapiwa chechimiro chinobatsira pakubatana kwekuvaka, kuchinja kwayo kunokurudzira kubviswa. F. yakamboshanda sechinhu chakakosha chekushandura chishandiso muchikamu. ostinato uye neostinatny variational mafomu, kuratidza mune dzimwe nguva yakakura dynamic. mikana ("Bolero" naRavel). F. inokwanisa kunyatso shandura chitarisiko uye hunhu hwema muses. mufananidzo (kuita leitmotif muchikamu chekutanga, mukuvandudza uye kodhi yechikamu chechipiri chechina piano sonata naScriabin); kushanduka kwemavara kunowanzoshandiswa mukudzokororwa kwemafomu matatu-kufamba (1nd chikamu che2th piano sonata yaBeethoven; nocturne c-moll op. 4 naChopin), mukudzivisa mu rondo (kupedzisira kwepiyano sonata Nhamba 2 ye. Beethoven). Basa rekuita reF. rinokosha mukugadzirwa kwesonata mafomu (kunyanya orc. zvinyorwa), umo miganhu yezvikamu inotarirwa nekushandurwa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa uye, naizvozvo, F. thematic. zvinhu. Shanduko yaF inova imwe yeakanyanya. nzira yekuparadzanisa fomu mumabasa ezana remakore rechi16. ("Pacific 48" naHonegger). Mune zvimwe zvinyorwa zvitsva, fomu inoshanduka kuva yakasimba pakuvaka kwefomu (somuenzaniso, mune inonzi inodzokororwa mafomu zvichienderana nekudzoka kwekuchinja kwechimwe chivakwa).

F.'s mhando dzinowanzobatanidzwa ne def. mhando (semuenzaniso, mimhanzi yekutamba), inova hwaro hwekubatanidza mukugadzira. zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando izvo zvinopa mimhanzi kusanzwisisika kunobudirira kweunyanzvi (mienzaniso inoshamisa yerudzi urwu mumhanzi waChopin: semuenzaniso, Prelude No. 20 c-moll - musanganiswa wezvimiro zvechorale, kufora kwemariro uye passacaglia). F. anochengeta zviratidzo zveimwe kana imwe nhoroondo kana minyuziyamu yega. style (uye, by association, era): inonzi. gitare inoperekedza inogonesa SI Taneev kugadzira yakavanzika stylization yepakutanga Russian. elegies murudo "Apo, kuputika, matsutso mashizha"; G. Berlioz muchikamu che3 che symphony "Romeo naJulia" kugadzira nyika. uye ruvara rwenhau runobudisa nounyanzvi ruzha rwemadrigal cappella yezana remakore rechi16; R. Schumann anonyora nziyo dzechokwadi muCarnival. mifananidzo yaF. Chopin naN. Paganini. F. ndiwo musimboti mukuru wemimhanzi. tsananguro, kunyanya inogutsa muzviitiko apo k.-l. traffic. Nekubatsirwa kweF. kujekesa kwemimhanzi kunowanikwa (sumo yeWagner's Gold yeRhine), panguva imwe chete. izere nezvakavanzika uye runako ("Rumbidzo yeRenje" kubva ku "The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh uye Maiden Fevronia" naRimsky-Korsakov), uye dzimwe nguva nekubvunda kunoshamisa ("moyo unorova mukubvutwa" mukudanana kwaMI Glinka. "Ndinorangarira Nguva Inoshamisa").

References: Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Inoshanda kosi yekubatana, chikamu 2, M., 1935; Skrebkov SS, Zvinyorwa zvepolyphony, zvikamu 1-2, M.-L., 1951, 1965; yake pachake, Kuongorora mabasa enziyo, M., 1958; Milstein Ya., F. List, chikamu 2, M., 1956, 1971; Grigoriev SS, Panziyo yeRimsky-Korsakov, M., 1961; Grigoriev S., Muller T., Bhuku rezvinyorwa zvepolyphony, M., 1961, 1977; Mazel LA, Zukkerman VA, Kuongororwa kwemabasa emimhanzi, M., 1967; Shchurov V., Zvimiro zvepolyphonic texture yenziyo dzeSouth Russia, muunganidzwa: Kubva munhoroondo yemimhanzi yeRussia neSoviet, M., 1971; Zukkerman VA, Kuongororwa kwemabasa emimhanzi. Variation form, M., 1974; Zavgorodnyaya G., Zvimwe zvezvinyorwa mumabasa eA. Onegger, "SM", 1975, No 6; Shaltuper Yu., Pamaitiro eLutoslavsky mu60s, mu: Matambudziko eMumhanzi Sayenzi, vol. 3, M., 1975; Tyulin Yu., Dzidziso yekugadzirwa kwemimhanzi uye melodic figuration. Mamiriro emimhanzi, M., 1976; Pankratov S., Pahwaro hwenziyo hwemanyorerwo enziyo dzepiyano dzeScriabin, mu: Nyaya dzepolyphony uye kuongororwa kwemabasa emimhanzi (Proceedings of the Gnesins State Musical and Pedagogical Institute, chinyorwa 20), M., 1976; yake, Misimboti yezvakagadzirwa dramaturgy yezvinyorwa zvepiyano zveScriabin, ibid.; Bershadskaya T., Hurukuro pamusoro pekunzwanana, L., 1978; Kholopova V., Faktura, M., 1979.

VP Frayonov