Claudio Monteverdi (Claudio Monteverdi) |

Claudio Monteverdi

Monteverdi. Cantate Domino

Monteverdi anodzivirira kodzero dzekunzwa uye rusununguko mumimhanzi. Pasinei nekupikisa kwevadziviriri vemitemo, anotyora zvisungo izvo mimhanzi yakazvisunga, uye anoda kuti itevere chete zvinorayirwa nemoyo kubva zvino zvichienda mberi. R. Rollan

Basa remuimbi weItari opera C. Monteverdi ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakasarudzika mumhanzi tsika yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Mukufarira kwake munhu, mukuda kwake uye kutambudzika kwake, Monteverdi inyanzvi yechokwadi yeRenaissance. Hapana wevanyori venguva iyoyo akakwanisa kuratidza mumhanzi zvinosuruvarisa, manzwiro ehupenyu nenzira yakadai, kusvika pedyo nekunzwisisa chokwadi chayo, kuratidza maitiro ekutanga evanhu nenzira yakadaro.

Monteverdi akaberekerwa mumhuri yechiremba. Zvidzidzo zvake zvemimhanzi zvaitungamirirwa naM. Ingenieri, muimbi ane ruzivo, mukuru webhendi weCremona Cathedral. Akagadzira nzira yepolyphonic yemunyori weramangwana, akamusuma kumabasa ekwaya akanakisa naG. Palestrina naO. Lasso. Moiteverdi akatanga kunyora kare. Nechekare mukutanga 1580s. maunganidzwa ekutanga emazwi epolyphonic mabasa (madrigals, motets, cantatas) akabudiswa, uye pakupera kwemakore gumi aya akazova muimbi ane mukurumbira muItari, nhengo yeAcademy of Site Cecilia muRome. Kubva muna 1590, Monteverdi akashanda mudare redzimhosva reDuke weMantua (kutanga senhengo yeorchestra uye muimbi, uyezve sebhendi). Lush, dare rakapfuma Vincenzo Gonzaga akakwezva mauto akanakisa epanguva iyoyo. Mune zvose zvingangoitika, Monteverdi aigona kusangana nemudetembi mukuru weItaly T. Tasso, munyori weFlemish P. Rubens, nhengo dzeFlorentine camerata yakakurumbira, vanyori vekutanga operas - J. Peri, O. Rinuccini. Achiperekedza Duke pakufamba nguva dzose uye mauto ehondo, munyori akaenda kuPrague, Vienna, Innsbruck, uye Antwerp. Muna Kukadzi 1607, opera yekutanga yaMonteverdi, Orpheus (libretto naA. Strigio), yakaitwa nekubudirira kukuru muMantua. Monteverdi akashandura mutambo wehufundisi wakaitirwa mabiko emuzinda kuita mutambo chaiwo wekutambura uye nenhamo yaOrpheus, nezverunako rusingafi rwehunyanzvi hwake. (Monteverdi naStriggio vakachengeta vhezheni inosuruvarisa yedenouement yengano - Orpheus, achisiya umambo hwevakafa, anotyora kurambidzwa, anotarisa kumashure Eurydice uye anorasikirwa naye zvachose.) "Orpheus" inosiyaniswa nehupfumi hwenzira dzinoshamisa kwekutanga. shanda. Kuzivisa kwakajeka uye cantilena yakafara, kwaya uye ensembles, ballet, yakagadziridzwa orchestral chikamu chinoshandira kuumba yakadzama rwiyo rwiyo. Chiitiko chimwe chete kubva kuMonteverdi yechipiri opera, Ariadne (1608), chasara nanhasi. Iyi ndiyo yakakurumbira "Kuchema kwaAriadne" ("Regai ndife ..."), iyo yakashanda semufananidzo wevakawanda lamento arias (arias of complaint) mumutambo weItaly. (Kuchema kwaAriadne kunozivikanwa mushanduro mbiri - yezwi rega uye muchimiro chemazwi mashanu madrigal.)

Muna 1613, Monteverdi akatamira kuVenice uye kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake akaramba ari mubasa reKapellmeister muCathedral yeSt. Hupenyu hwakapfuma hwemimhanzi hweVenice hwakavhura mikana mitsva yemunyori. Monteverdi anonyora operas, ballets, interludes, madrigals, mimhanzi yechechi nemitambo yematare. Rimwe remabhuku ekutanga emakore aya chiitiko chinoshamisa "The Duel of Tancred and Clorinda" yakavakirwa pamashoko anobva munhetembo "Jerusarema Rakasunungurwa" naT. Tasso, achibatanidza kuverenga (chikamu cheMunyori), achiita (the kudzokorora zvikamu zveTancred naClorinda) uye orchestra inoratidza mafambiro eiyo duel, inoratidza manzwiro echiitiko. Maererano ne "Duel" Monteverdi akanyora nezvemaitiro matsva e concitato (achifara, akazununguswa), achisiyanisa ne "nyoro, ine mwero" maitiro akakunda panguva iyoyo.

Mazhinji eMonteverdi's madrigals anosiyaniswawo neavo akajeka, anoshamisa hunhu (yekupedzisira, yechisere muunganidzwa wemadrigals, 1638, yakagadzirwa muVenice). Mumhando iyi yemimhanzi yepolyphonic, maitiro emunyori akaumbwa, uye kusarudzwa kwekutaura nzira kwakaitika. Mutauro weharmonic wemadrigals unonyanya kuve wepakutanga (akashinga tonal kuenzanisa, chromatic, dissonant chords, nezvimwewo). Mukupera kwema1630 - kutanga kwe40s. basa rekuvhiya reMonteverdi rinosvika pakakwirira ("Kudzoka kwaUlysses kunyika yake" - 1640, "Adonis" - 1639, "Muchato weAeneas naLavinia" - 1641; yekupedzisira 2 operas haina kuchengetedzwa).

Muna 1642 Monteverdi's The Coronation of Poppea yakaitirwa muVenice (yakasununguka naF. Businello yakavakirwa paTacitus' Annals). Opera yekupedzisira yemunyori wemakore makumi manomwe neshanu yakave nhanho chaiyo, mhedzisiro yenzira yake yekusika. Yakananga, chaiyo-yehupenyu hwezvakaitika kare vanoita mairi - mambo weRoma Nero, anozivikanwa nehuchenjeri hwake uye hutsinye, mudzidzisi wake - muzivi Seneca. Zvakawanda zviri mubhuku rinonzi The Coronation zvinopa mienzaniso nenjodzi dzomunguva imwe cheteyo yomunyori, W. Shakespeare. Kuvhurika uye kusimba kwezvishuwo, zvakapinza, zvechokwadi "Shakespearean" misiyano yemhando yepamusoro uye yemhando zviitiko, komedhi. Saka, kuoneka kwaSeneca kuvadzidzi - iyo inosuruvarisa kuguma kweoaera - inotsiviwa nemufaro kupindirana kwepeji nemusikana, uye ipapo mutambo chaiwo unotanga - Nero neshamwari dzake vanoseka mudzidzisi, vanopemberera rufu rwake.

"Mutemo wake chete hupenyu pachahwo," R. Rolland akanyora pamusoro peMonteverdi. Nekushinga kwezvakawanwa, basa raMonteverdi rakanga riri pamberi penguva yaro. Muimbi akafanoona ramangwana riri kure kwazvo remitambo yemitambo yemitambo yemitambo yemitambo yemitambo: realism of operatic dramaturgy naWA Mozart, G. Verdi, M. Mussorgsky. Zvichida ndosaka magumo emabasa ake aishamisa. Kwemakore akawanda vakaramba vasina kujeka uye vakadzokera kuupenyu munguva yedu chete.

I. Okhalova

Mwanakomana wachiremba uye mukuru wehama shanu. Akadzidza zvemimhanzi naMA Ingenieri. Pazera ramakore gumi namashanu akaburitsa Spiritual Melodies, muna 1587 - bhuku rekutanga remadrigals. Muna 1590, padare reDuke weMantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga akava muimbi uye muimbi, ipapo mutungamiri wechechi. Inoperekedza duke kuHungary (panguva yemushandirapamwe weTurkey) uye Flanders. Muna 1595 anoroora muimbi Claudia Cattaneo, uyo achamupa vanakomana vatatu; achafa muna 1607 nguva pfupi mushure mekukunda kweOrpheus. Kubva 1613 - chinzvimbo chehupenyu hwese chemukuru wechechi muVenetian Republic; kuumbwa kwenziyo dzinoyera, mabhuku ekupedzisira emadrigals, mabasa anoshamisa, akawanda akarasika. Mumakore a1632 akatora hupirisita.

Basa rekuita reMonteverdi rine hwaro hwakasimba kwazvo, kuva chibereko chechiitiko chekare mukugadzira madrigals nemimhanzi inoera, mhando umo tenzi weCremonese akawana mhedzisiro isingaenzaniswi. Matanho makuru echiitiko chake chemitambo - zvirinani, zvichibva pane zvakadzika kwatiri - zvinoita senguva mbiri dzakanyatsosiyanisa: Mantua pakutanga kwezana ramakore uye Venetian, inowira pakati payo.

Pasina mubvunzo, "Orpheus" ndiyo chirevo chinokatyamadza muItaly chemazwi uye anoshamisa maitiro ekutanga kwezana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe. Kukosha kwaro kunotsanangurwa nemitambo yemitambo, kuzara kukuru kwemhedzisiro, kusanganisira orchestral, zvikumbiro zvine hunyoro uye incantations, umo Florentine chant recitation (yakanyanya kupfumiswa nemanzwiro ekukwira nekudzika) inoratidzika kunge iri kunetsekana neakawanda madrigal kuiswa, zvekuti kuimba. yeOrpheus unenge wakasarudzika muenzaniso wemakwikwi avo.

Mumitambo yekupedzisira yenguva yeVenetian, yakanyorwa makore anopfuura makumi matatu gare gare, munhu anogona kunzwa shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana dzakaitika muItaly melodrama (kunyanya mushure mekutumbuka kwechikoro cheRoma) uye shanduko dzinoenderana nenzira dzinoratidza, zvese zvinoratidzwa. uye yakabatanidzwa nerusununguko rukuru mune yakafara kwazvo, kunyange inoparadza inoshamisa canvas. Zvikamu zvechoral zvinobviswa kana kuderedzwa zvakanyanya, ariose uye kudzokorora zvinosanganiswa zvakachinjika uye zvinoshanda zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemutambo, nepo mamwe, akagadziridzwa uye symmetrical mafomu, ane yakajeka rhythmic mafambiro, anounzwa mune yemitambo architectonics, achitarisira inotevera nzira yekuzvitonga. mutauro unoshanda, sumo, sekutaura, mienzaniso yepamutemo uye zvirongwa, zvakasununguka pane zvinogara zvichichinja zvinodiwa zvenhaurirano yenhetembo.

Zvisinei, Monteverdi, hongu, haana kumhanyira mungozi yekubva pane zvinyorwa zvenhetembo, sezvo aigara akatendeka kune pfungwa dzake maererano nemhando uye chinangwa chemimhanzi semuranda wenhetembo, achibatsira yekupedzisira mukukwanisa kwayo kutsanangura. manzwiro evanhu.

Hatifanire kukanganwa kuti muVenice munyori akawana mamiriro akanaka kune libretto ine nhoroondo yezvirongwa zvakafambira mberi munzira yekutsvaga "chokwadi", kana, chero zvazvingava, nehurongwa hunobatsira pakutsvaga kwepfungwa.

Chisingakanganwike iMonteverdi's small room opera "The Duel of Tancred and Clorinda" kune zvinyorwa zveTorquato Tasso - kutaura zvazviri, madrigal mune yemifananidzo; akaiswa muimba yaCount Girolamo Mocenigo mukati momutambo wa1624, akafadza vateereri, “akapotsa abudisa misodzi yake.” Uyu musanganiswa we oratorio uye ballet (zviitiko zvinoratidzwa mu pantomime), umo munyori mukuru anomisikidza hukama hwepedyo, hunoramba huchienderera uye hwakajeka pakati penhetembo nemimhanzi muchimiro cheiyo inonzwika inonzwika kudzokorora. Muenzaniso mukurusa wenhetembo dzakaiswa kumimhanzi, mimhanzi ingangoita yekukurukurirana, "Duel" inosanganisira inotyisa uye inoshamisira, isinganzwisisike uye inofadza nguva apo ruzha rwunova rwekufananidzira. Mukupedzisira, mapfupi akateedzana echords anoshanduka kuita "hombe" inopenya, umo modulation inosvika kumagumo pasina inodiwa inotungamira toni, nepo izwi richiita cadenza pane chinyorwa chisina kubatanidzwa muchord, kubvira panguva ino. mufananidzo weimwe yakasiyana, nyika itsva inozaruka. Kupenya kweClorinda ari kufa kunoratidza kufara.

G. Marchesi (yakashandurwa naE. Greceanii)