Claudio Arrau (Claudio Arrau) |

Claudio Arrau

Mumakore ake akaderera, bhishopi mukuru wepiyano yokuEurope, Edwin Fischer, akayeuka, kuti: “Pane imwe nguva shasha yandakanga ndisingazivi yakauya kwandiri ine mwanakomana waaida kundiratidza. Ndakabvunza mukomana wacho zvaaida kutamba, uye akandipindura kuti: “Unodei? Ndinotamba Bach yese…” Mumaminetsi mashoma, ndakafadzwa zvakanyanya netarenda rakasarudzika remukomana ane makore manomwe. Asi panguva iyoyo handina kunzwa chido chekudzidzisa uye ndikamutumira kumudzidzisi wangu Martin Krause. Gare gare, mwana uyu mupfanha akava mumwe wevatambi vepiyano vanokosha zvikurusa munyika.”

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Uyu mwana prodigy aive Claudio Arrau. Akauya kuBerlin mushure mekunge atanga kuonekwa pachikuva semwana wemakore matanhatu muguta guru reChile Santiago, achipa konzati yemabasa naBeethoven, Schubert naChopin uye achifadza vateereri zvokuti hurumende yakamupa bhezari inokosha. kudzidza muEurope. Chilean ane makore 6 akapedza kudzidza kubva kuStern Conservatory muBerlin mukirasi yaM. Krause, atova mutambi wekonti ane ruzivo - akaita chikwata chake pano kare muna 15. Asi zvakadaro, haagoni kuverengerwa semwana mudiki pasina. kusachengetedzwa: chiitiko chekonzati hachina kukanganisa kudzidziswa kwakasimba, kusamhanyiswa kwehunyanzvi, dzidzo inogoneka, uye kuwedzera kwemaonero emunhu. Hakushamisi kuti Shternovsky Conservatory imwe cheteyo muna 1914 yakamugamuchira mumadziro ayo atova mudzidzisi!

Kukundwa kwematanho emakonsati epasi rose kwaivewo zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvisiri nyore - kwaitevera kuvandudzwa kwekugadzira, kusunda miganhu yerepertoire, kukunda pesvedzero, dzimwe nguva yakasimba (kutanga Busoni, d'Albert, Teresa Carregno, gare gare Fischer naSchnabel), vachigadzira yavo. kuita misimboti . Apo muna 1923 muiti wemifananidzo akaedza “kuvhiringa” voruzhinji vokuAmerica, kuedza uku kwakaguma nokukundikana zvachose; chete mushure me1941, mushure mekutamira kuUnited States, Arrau akagamuchira kuzivikanwa kwepasirese pano. Chokwadi, munyika yokumusha kwake akakurumidza kugamuchirwa segamba renyika; akatanga kudzoka kuno muna 1921, uye makore mashomanana gare gare, migwagwa iri muguta guru netaundi rokumusha kwake reChillán yakatumidzwa zita raClaudio Arrau, uye hurumende yakamupa pasipoti yezvokumiririra nyika isingazivikanwi kuti afambise nzendo. Kuve mugari weAmerica muna 1941, muimbi haana kurasikirwa neChile, akatanga chikoro chemimhanzi pano, icho chakazokura kuita chekuchengetedza. Kwapera nguva yakareba, apo maPinochet fascists akatora simba munyika, Arrau akaramba kutaura kumba achipikisa. "Ini handisi kuzodzokera ikoko Pinochet achiri kutonga," akadaro.

MuEurope, Arrau aive nemukurumbira kwenguva yakareba se "super-technologist", "a virtuoso pamusoro pezvose".

Zvechokwadi, apo mufananidzo wenyanzvi wenyanzvi wakanga uchangoumbwa, unyanzvi hwake hwakanga hwatosvika pakukwana uye kupenya. Kunyange zvazvo miteyo yebudiriro yekunze yaimuperekedza nguva dzose, vaigara vachiperekedzwa nekamwe kapfungwa kevatsoropodzi vaimuzvidza nokuda kwetsika dzechinyakare dzeunhu hwakanaka - kutarisisa, kududzira zviri pamutemo, kumhanya kwemaune. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika panguva yekushanya kwekutanga muUSSR, paakauya kwatiri mune halo yemukundi weimwe yemakwikwi ekutanga epasi rose enguva yedu, akaitirwa muGeneva muna 1927. Arrau akabva aridza mune imwe manheru makonti matatu aine orchestra - Chopin (No. 2), Beethoven (No. 4) uye Tchaikovsky (No. 1), uyezve purogiramu huru yega yega yaisanganisira Stravinsky's "Petrushka", Balakirev's "Islamey", Sonata muB minor Chopin, Partita uye maviri ekutanga uye fugues kubva kuBach's Well-Tempered Clavier, chidimbu naDebussy. Kunyangwe pakatarisana nekuyerera kwevane mukurumbira vekunze panguva iyoyo, Arrau akarova nehunyanzvi hunyanzvi, "simba rekumanikidza", rusununguko rwekutora zvinhu zvese zvekuridza piyano, maitiro emunwe, pedalization, rhythmic kuenzana, ruvara rwepalette yake. Akarova - asi haana kukunda mwoyo yevanoda mimhanzi yeMoscow.

Maonero erwendo rwake rwechipiri muna 1968 akanga akasiyana. Mutsoropodzi L. Zhivov akanyora, kuti: “Arrau akaratidzira chimiro chakaisvonaka chokuridza piyano uye akaratidza kuti hapana chaakarasikirwa nacho somunhu ane unyanzvi, uye chinokosha zvikurusa, akawana uchenjeri nokukura mukududzira. Muridzi wepiyano haaratidzi kuzvidzora, haaviri sejaya, asi, semushonga wematombo anokosha anoyemura mativi edombo rinokosha kuburikidza negirazi rinoona, iye, anzwisisa zvakadzama basa racho, anogovera zvaakawana nevateereri, kuratidza mativi akasiyana-siyana ebasa, hupfumi uye hunyengeri hwepfungwa, kunaka kwemanzwiro akaiswa mairi. Uye saka mimhanzi inoridzwa naArrau inorega kuva chiitiko chekuratidza hunhu hwake; pane zvakasiyana, muimbi, segamba rakatendeka repfungwa yemunyori, neimwe nzira inobatanidza muteereri zvakananga nemusiki wemimhanzi.

Uye kuita kwakadai, tinowedzera, pamhepo yakakwira yekufemerwa, inovhenekera horo nekupenya kwemoto chaiwo wekugadzira. "Mweya waBeethoven, pfungwa yaBeethoven - ndiyo yaidzorwa naArrau," akasimbisa D. Rabinovich mukuongorora kwake kwekonti yemuimbi ega. Akatendawo zvikuru kuitwa kwemakonsati eBrahms: “Apa ndipo panokunda kudzika kwenjere kwaArrau nekatsika kekurangarira pfungwa, kunopinda murwiyo nenzwi rakasimba rekutaura, rusununguko rwekuita nekudzikama, kusingachinji kwekufunga kwenziyo kunokunda zvechokwadi. - saka chimiro chakagadzirwa, kusanganiswa kwekutsva kwemukati nekudzikama kwekunze uye kuzvidzora kwakanyanya mukuratidza manzwiro; nekudaro sarudzo yakapihwa kune inodzorwa kumhanya uye zviri pakati nepakati dynamics.

Pakati pekushanya kuviri kwemuimbi wepiyano kuUSSR kune makumi mana emakore ebasa rinorwadza uye kusaneta kuzvivandudza, makumi emakore anoita kuti zvikwanise kunzwisisa uye kutsanangura izvo vatsoropodzi veMoscow, vakamunzwa "ipapo" uye "ikozvino", vakaita sekudaro. kuve shanduko isingatarisirwe yemuimbi, izvo zvakavamanikidza kurasa pfungwa dzavo dzekare pamusoro pake. Asi chaizvoizvo hazviwanzoitiki here?

Maitiro aya anonyatso kuoneka murepertoire yaArrau - pane zvese zvasara zvisina kushanduka uye zvinova mhedzisiro yekuvandudza kwemuimbi. Yekutanga ndiwo mazita emhando dzekare dzezana ramakore re1956, ayo anoumba hwaro hwerepertoire yake: Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Brahms, Liszt. Zvechokwadi, izvi hazvisi zvose - anotsanangura zvakajeka makontikiti eGrieg naTchaikovsky, achida kutamba Ravel, achidzokorora kumhanzi waSchubert naWeber; kutenderera kwake kweMozart, kwakapiwa muna 200 maererano nokuyeukwa kwegore ra1967 rokuberekwa kwomunyori, kwakaramba kusingakanganwiki kuvateereri. Muzvirongwa zvake unogona kuwana mazita aBartok, Stravinsky, Britten, kunyange Schoenberg naMesiaen. Sekureva kwemuimbi pachake, pakazosvika makumi matanhatu nenhanhatu ndangariro yake yakachengeta makonzati makumi manomwe nenhanhatu neochestra uye mamwe akawanda ega ega zvekuti aikwana kumakontani makumi manomwe emapurogiramu!

Kubatanidza muunyanzvi hwake hunoita zvezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvenyika, universality ye repertoire uye kuenzana, kukwana kwemutambo kwakatopa muongorori I. Kaiser chikonzero chekutaura nezve "chakavanzika cheArrau", pamusoro pekuoma kwekugadzirisa hunhu mu. chitarisiko chake chokusika. Asi muchidimbu, hwaro hwayo, tsigiro yayo iri mumhanzi wezana ramakore re1935. Mafungiro aArrau kumimhanzi iri kuitwa ari kuchinja. Nokufamba kwemakore, anowedzera "kusarudza" mukusarudza kwemabasa, achitamba chete izvo zviri pedyo neunhu hwake, achiedza kubatanidza matambudziko eunyanzvi uye ekududzira, achinyatsocherechedza kuchena kwemaitiro uye mibvunzo yezwi. Zvakakosha kuona kuti kutamba kwake kunoratidza kusanduka kusingachinji kwemaitiro aBeethoven mukurekodhwa kwemakonzati mashanu ese akaitwa naB. Haitink! Panyaya iyi, maitiro ake kuna Bach zvakare anoratidza - iyeye Bach waakatamba "chete" sewechidiki ane makore manomwe. Muna 12, Arrau akabata Bach's cycles muBerlin neVienna, aisanganisira XNUMX concertos, umo angangoita ese evanyori mabasa eclavier akaitwa. "Saka ndakaedza kupinda muchimiro chaBach pachangu, munyika yake ine ruzha, kuti ndizive hunhu hwake." Chokwadi, Arrau akawana zvakawanda muBach kwaari uye kune vateereri vake. Uye apo akaizarura, iye “kamwe kamwe akawana kuti kwakanga kusingabviri kuridza mabasa ake papiyano. Uye pasinei neruremekedzo rwangu rukuru kumunyori ane hunyanzvi, kubva zvino zvichienda mberi handisi kutamba mabasa ake pamberi peruzhinji “... Arrau kazhinji anotenda kuti mutambi anosungirwa kudzidza pfungwa nemaitiro emunyori wega wega, “izvo zvinoda ruzivo rwakapfuma, ruzivo rwakakomba rwenguva iyo munyori anobatanidzwa nayo, mamiriro ake epfungwa panguva yekusika. Anogadzira imwe yenheyo dzake huru mukuita uye mukudzidzisa sezvinotevera: “Dzivisa dzidziso. Uye chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechekufananidzwa kwe "mutsara wekuimba", ndiko kuti, kukwana kweunyanzvi nekuda kwekuti hapana zvinyorwa zviviri zvakafanana mu crescendo uye decrescendo. Chirevo chinotevera chaArrau chinocherechedzwawo: "Nekuongorora basa rega rega, ndinoyedza kuzvigadzirira chinenge chinomiririra chinomiririra chimiro chenzwi rinonyatsoenderana naro." Uye paakangotaura kuti mutambi wepiyano chaiye anofanira kunge akagadzirira "kuwana legato yechokwadi pasina rubatsiro rwepedal." Avo vakanzwa Arrau achitamba havazombokahadzika kuti iye pachake anokwanisa izvi ...

Mhedzisiro yakananga yemafungiro aya kumimhanzi ndeyekufungidzira kwaArrau kune monographic zvirongwa uye marekodhi. Yeuka kuti pakushanya kwake kechipiri kuMoscow, akatanga kuimba shanu dzeBeethoven sonatas, uyezve makonzati maviri eBrahm. Musiyano wakadini na1929! Asi panguva imwecheteyo, kwete kudzingirira kubudirira kuri nyore, anotadza zvishoma pane zvese nedzidzo. Vamwe, sezvavanotaura, "zvakanyanya" zvinyorwa (se "Appassionata") dzimwe nguva haasanganisi muzvirongwa zvemakore. Zvinokosha kuti mumakore achangopfuura ainyanya kutendeukira kubasa raLiszt, achitamba, pakati pemamwe mabasa, ese epaparaphrases yake yekushanda. "Idzi hadzisi kungozviomesera virtuoso nziyo," Arrau anosimbisa. “Avo vanoda kumutsiridza Liszt the virtuoso vanotanga kubva pafungidziro yenhema. Zvingave zvakanyanya kukosha kukoshesa Liszt muimbi zvakare. Ndinoda pakupedzisira kugumisa kusanzwisisana kwekare kuti Liszt akanyora ndima dzake kuratidza maitiro. Munziyo dzake dzakakosha dzinoshanda senzira yekutaura - kunyangwe mune yakanyanya kuoma yezvirevo zvake zvekushanda, maakasika chimwe chinhu chitsva kubva mudingindira, rudzi rwemutambo mudiki. Vanogona kungoratidzika semimhanzi yakachena yevirtuosic kana ikaridzwa ne metronomic pedantry iyo yava mufashoni. Asi uku “kururamisa” itsika yakashata bedzi, inobva mukusaziva. Rudzi urwu rwekuvimbika kune zvinyorwa zvinopesana nekufema kwemimhanzi, kune zvese zvakajairika izvo zvinonzi mimhanzi. Kana zvichitendwa kuti Beethoven inofanira kuridzwa zvakasununguka sezvinobvira, ipapo muLiszt metronomic kururama hakuna musoro zvachose. Anoda mutambi wepiyano weMephistopheles!”

Zvechokwadi akadaro "Mephistopheles pianist" ndiClaudio Arrau - asinganeti, azere nesimba, anogara achivavarira mberi. Nzendo refu, zvakawanda zvakarekodhwa, zvekudzidzisa uye zvekunyora - zvese izvi zvaive zviri mukati mehupenyu hwemuimbi, aimbonzi "super virtuoso", uye zvino ave kunzi "piano strategist", "aristocrat papiyano" , mumiriri we "lyrical intellectualism". Arrau akapemberera zuva rekuzvarwa kwake makumi manomwe neshanu muna 75 nerwendo rwekuenda kunyika gumi neina muEurope neAmerica, panguva iyo akapa 1978 makonti uye akarekodha akati wandei marekodhi. “Handigoni kuita zvishomanene,” akabvuma kudaro. "Kana ndikatora zororo, zvinobva zvave kundityisa kuti ndiende kunhandare zvakare" ... Uye mushure memakore gumi nemasere, bhishopi wepiyano yemazuva ano akatanga kufarira rudzi rutsva rwekuita kwake - kurekodha pamakaseti evhidhiyo. .

Manheru ekuzvarwa kwake kwe80, Arrau akadzikisa huwandu hwemakonzati pagore (kubva pazana kusvika makumi matanhatu kana makumi manomwe), asi akaramba achishanya muEurope, North America, Brazil neJapan. Muna 1984, kekutanga mushure mekuzorora kwenguva refu, makonzati emuimbi wepiyano akaitika munyika yake yekuChile, gore risati rasvika akapihwa mubairo weChilean National Arts Prize.

Claudio Arrau akafira kuAustria muna 1991 uye akavigwa kumusha kwake, Chillan.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.