Chamber music |

kubva kunonoka kamera - kamuri; ital. musica da camera, French musique de chambre chamber music, germ. Kammermusik

mhando chaiyo yemimhanzi. art, yakasiyana kubva theatre, symphonic uye konzati mimhanzi. Zvinyorwa zveK.m., sekutonga, zvakagadzirirwa kuita mumakamuri maduku, kuridza mimhanzi yepamba (saka zita). Izvi zvakasarudza uye zvakashandiswa muK. m. instr. nziyo (kubva kumunhu mumwe chete kusvika kune vaimbi vakati wandei vakabatana mukamuri ensemble), uye hunyanzvi hwake hwekuimba. presentation. Kuna K.m., tsika yekuenzana kwemanzwi, hupfumi uye yakanakisa kudonongodza kwe melodic, innational, rhythmic hunhu. uye dynamic. achataura. mari, hunyanzvi uye kuvandudzwa kwakasiyana kwethematic. zvinhu. K.m. ine mikana mikuru yekufambisa lyric. manzwiro uye kudzika kwakanyanyisa kwezvimiro zvepfungwa dzevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva K.m. rakadzokera kuMiddle Ages, shoko rokuti “K. m." yakabvumirwa mumazana emakore 16-17. Mukati meiyi nhambo, nziyo dzechinyakare, mukusiana nenziyo dzechechi nedzemitambo, dzaireva mimhanzi yenyika yaida kuridzwa pamusha kana kuti pamatare emadzimambo. Mumhanzi wedare wainzi "chamber", uye vaimbi vaishanda mudare. ensembles, yainzi vaimbi vepakamuri.

Musiyano pakati pechechi nemumhanzi wekamuri wakatsanangurwa mune wok. mhando dzepakati pezana ramakore rechi 16 Muenzaniso wekutanga unozivikanwa wemimhanzi yechinyakare ndeye L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna naNicolo Vicentino (1555). Muna 1635 muVenice, G. Arrigoni akabudisa izwi reConcerti da kamera. sezvo chamber woks. mhando mu17 - kutanga. 18th century yakagadzira cantata (cantata da kamera) uye duet. Muzana remakore rechi17 zita rokuti "K. m." yakawedzerwa kune instr. music. Chechi pakutanga. uye chamber instr. mimhanzi yacho haina kusiyana; stylistic kusiyana pakati pavo kwakava pachena chete muzana remakore rechi18. Somuenzaniso, II Kvanz akanyora muna 1752 kuti mimhanzi yekirasi inoda “mararamiro akawanda uye rusununguko rwokufunga kupfuura muitiro wechechi.” Higher instr. fomu rakava cyclic. sonata (sonata da kamera), yakagadzirwa pahwaro hwekutamba. suites. Yakava yakapararira zvikuru muzana ramakore rechi17. trio sonata nemhando dzayo - chechi. uye chamber sonatas, yakati diki diki solo sonata (isina kuperekedzwa kana kuperekedzwa nebasso continuo). Classic samples dze trio sonatas uye solo (ine basso continuo) sonatas yakagadzirwa naA. Corelli. Mukutanga kwe17-18 mazana emakore. rudzi rweconcerto grosso rwakamuka, pakutanga rwakakamurwawo kuva chechi. uye mhando dzekamuri. MuCorelli, somuenzaniso, kupatsanurwa uku kunoitwa zvakajeka - kubva mu12 concerti grossi (op. 7) yaakasika, 6 yakanyorwa muchechi maitiro, uye 6 mumutauro wekamuri. Iwo akafanana mune zvirimo kune ake sonatas da chiesa uye da kamera. K ser. Kuparadzaniswa kwekereke muzana ramakore rechi 18. uye mhando dzekamuri dziri kurasikirwa zvishoma nezvishoma kukosha kwayo, asi musiyano pakati pemimhanzi yechinyakare nemimhanzi yemakonti (orchestral nekwaya) unowedzera kujeka.

Yese R. 18th yezana mubasa raJ. Haydn, K. Dittersdorf, L. Boccherini, WA ​​Mozart akaumba yekare. mhando dze instr. ensemble - sonata, trio, quartet, nezvimwewo, vakagadzira zvakajairwa. instr. kuumbwa kweizvi ensembles, hukama hwepedyo hwakatangwa pakati pechimiro chekuratidzwa kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe uye kugona kwechiridzwa chachakagadzirirwa (kare, sezvamunoziva, vanyori vaiwanzobvumira kuita kwebasa ravo nemhando dzakasiyana dzezviridzwa. ; semuenzaniso, GF Handel mune akati wandei e "solo" yake uye sonatas anoratidza akati wandei anogona kuridzwa nziyo). Kuva nemupfumi kucharatidza. mikana, instr. iyo ensemble (kunyanya iyo bow quartet) yakakwezva kutarisa kwevanenge vese vanyori uye ikava rudzi rwe "chamber branch" ye symphony. genre. Naizvozvo, iyo ensemble yakaratidza zvese zvikuru. mirayiridzo yemimhanzi art-va 18-20 mazana emakore. - kubva ku classicism (J. Haydn, L. Boccherini, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven) uye romanticism (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann, nezvimwewo) kusvika kune ultramodernist abstractionist currents yemazuva ano. bourgeois "avant-garde". Mu 2nd floor. 19th century yakanakisa mienzaniso ye instr. K.m. akasika I. Brahms, A. Dvorak, B. Smetana, E. Grieg, S. Frank, muzana remakore rechi20. - C. Debussy, M. Ravel, M. Reger, P. Hindemith, L. Janacek, B. Bartok, B. Britten nevamwe.

Mupiro mukuru kuna K.m. yakagadzirwa neRussia. vanyori. MuRussia, kupararira kwemimhanzi yekamuri kwakatanga muma70s. 18th century; first instr. ensembles yakanyorwa naDS Bortnyansky. K.m. akagamuchira kumwe kusimudzirwa kubva kuAA Alyabyev, MI Glinka uye akasvika pahunyanzvi hwepamusoro. chiyero mubasa rePI Tchaikovsky uye AP Borodin; maumbirwo azvo emukamuri anoratidzirwa neinodudzwa nat. content, psychology. AK Glazunov naSV Rakhmaninov vakateerera zvakanyanya kumusangano wekamuri, uye kune SI Taneev yakava iyo huru. rudzi rwekusika. Zviridzwa zvakapfuma uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekamuri. zizi nhaka. composers; mitsetse yaro mikuru ndeye lyrical-dramatic (N. Ya. Myaskovsky), zvinosuruvarisa (DD Shostakovich), lyrical-epic (SS Prokofiev) uye folk-genre.

Mukuita nhoroondo yekusimudzira maitiro K. m. akaita nzira. kuchinja, kuswedera iko zvino ne symphonic, zvino nekoniti ("symphonization" ye bow quartets naL. Beethoven, I. Brahms, PI Tchaikovsky, zvinyorwa zvekonti muL. Beethoven's "Kreutzer" sonata, mu S. Frank's violin sonata , mumapoka eE. Grieg). Muzana remakore rechi20 maitiro akasiyana akatsanangurwa zvakare - kuwirirana naK. symf. uye conc. genres, kunyanya kana tichitaura nezve lyrical-psychological. uye misoro yehuzivi inoda kudzika mune ext. nyika yevanhu (14th symphony naDD Shostakovich). Symphonies uye concerto yenhamba shoma yezviridzwa zvakagamuchirwa mumazuva ano. mimhanzi yakapararira, ichiva mhando dzemhando dzekamuri (ona Chamber Orchestra, Chamber Symphony).

Kubva ku con. 18th century uye kunyanya muzana remakore rechi19. nzvimbo yakakurumbira mumhanzi anoti-ve akatora wok. K.m. (mumhando dzenziyo nerudo). Rega. ngwariro yakabhadharwa kwaari nevanyori vorudo, avo vakanyanya kukwezvwa nenziyo dzacho. nyika yemanzwiro evanhu. Vakagadzira mhando yewok yakakwenenzverwa, yakagadziridzwa mune yakanakisa ruzivo. miniatures; Mu 2nd floor. 19th century kutarisisa kwakawanda wok. K.m. yakapiwa naI. Brahms. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19-20. vanyori vakaonekwa, mubasa reimba yacho woks. mhando dzakatora chinzvimbo chekutungamira (H. Wolf muAustria, A. Duparc muFrance). Mhando dzenziyo uye dzerudo dzakakudziridzwa zvakafara muRussia (kubvira muzana ramakore rechi18); bvisa. arts. akasvika pakakwirira mumawoki ekamuri. mabasa aMI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, PI Tchaikovsky, AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, SV Rachmaninov. Dzakawanda dzerudo uye chamber woks. kutenderera kwakagadzira zizi. vanyori (AN Aleksandrov, Yu. V. Kochurov, Yu. A. Shaporin, VN Salmanov, GV Sviridov, nezvimwewo). Munguva yezana remakore rechi20 kamuri wok inoenderana nemhando yemhando yakaumbwa. maitiro ekuita akavakirwa pakuzivisa uye kuburitsa akanakisa emunyika uye semantic ruzivo rwemimhanzi. Yakanakisa Russian. Chamber mutambi wezana ramakore rechi20 aive MA Olenina-D'Alheim. Iyo yakakura yemazuva ano zarub. chamber vocalists - D. Fischer-Dieskau, E. Schwarzkopf, L. Marshall, muUSSR - AL Dolivo-Sobotnitsky, NL Dorliak, ZA Dolukhanova nevamwe.

Zviridzwa zvakawanda uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekamuri. zviduku zvezana remakore rechi19 ne20 Pakati pavo pane fp. “Nziyo dzisina mashoko” naF. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, anoridza naR. Schumann, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes uye etudes naF. Chopin, chamber piyano. mabasa echimiro chidiki naAN Scriabin, SV Rachmaninov, "Fleeting" uye "Sarcasm" naSS Prokofiev, anotangira naDD Shostakovich, zvidimbu zveviolin se "Legends" naG. Veniavsky, "Melodies" uye " Scherzo naPI Tchaikovsky, cello zvinyorwa naK. Yu. Davydov, D. Popper, nezvimwewo.

Muzana remakore rechi18 K. m. yaiitirwa chete kugadzira mimhanzi yepamba mudenderedzwa rakamanikana revanoziva uye vanoita zvemitambo. Muzana remakore rechi19 makonzati ePublic chamber akatangawo kuitika (makonzati ekutanga-tanga akaitwa nemuimbi weviolin P. Baio muParis muna 1814); kuti ser. 19th century ivo vava chikamu chakakosha cheEurope. hupenyu hwemimhanzi (madekwana ekamuri yeParis Conservatory, makonzati eRMS muRussia, nezvimwewo); pakanga paine masangano evasina kudzidza veK. m. (Petersb. pamusoro-muK. m., yakatangwa muna 1872, nezvimwewo). Mazizi. philharmonics nguva dzose kuronga chamber makonti muzviitiko zvakakosha. horo (Small Hall yeMoscow Conservatory, Diki Hall yakatumidzwa zita reMI Glinka muLeningrad, nezvimwewo). Kubva kuma1960 K. m. makonzati anopiwawo muhoro huru. Prod. K.m. kuwedzera kupinda mukati me conc. repertoire yevatambi. Pakati pemarudzi ese ensemble instr. Iyo tambo quartet yakava iyo inonyanya kufarirwa kuita maitiro.

References: Asafiev B., mimhanzi yeRussia kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore reXIX, M. - L., 1930, yakadhindwa zvakare. – L., 1968; Nhoroondo yeRussian Soviet Music, vol. I-IV, M., 1956-1963; Vasina-Grossman VA, Russian classical romance, M., 1956; rwiyo rwake pachake, rweRomantic rwezana remakore rechi1967, M., 1970; iye, Masters of the Soviet romance, M., 1961; Raaben L., Instrumental Ensemble muRussian Music, M., 1963; yake, Soviet chamber nemimhanzi yezviridzwa, L., 1964; yake, Masters eSoviet chamber-instrumental ensemble, L., XNUMX.

LH Raaben