Mumhanzi wemafirimu |

Mumhanzi wemafirimu chikamu chebasa remufirimu, imwe yenzira dzayo dzakakosha dzekutaura. Mukuvandudzwa kwe art-va muses. Dhizaini yefirimu inosiyanisa pakati penguva yekunyarara uye nguva yeinonzwika cinema.

Mune cinema yakanyarara, mimhanzi yakanga isati iri chikamu chefirimu. Akaonekwa kwete mukugadzira firimu, asi panguva yekuratidzwa kwayo - kuongororwa kwemafirimu kwaiperekedzwa nevatambi vepiyano, vatatu, uye dzimwe nguva orchestra. Kunyanguvezvo, kudikanwa kwakakwana kwemimhanzi. kuperekedza kwatove panguva ino yekutanga mukuvandudzwa kweiyo cinematography yakaratidza hunhu hwayo hwekuona. Mimhanzi yave mufambidzani unokosha wemufirimu wakanyarara. Ma Albums emimhanzi yakakurudzirwa kuperekedza mafirimu akaburitswa. anoshanda. Kufambisa basa revaimbi-varatidziri, ivo panguva imwechete vakakonzera njodzi yekumisikidza, kuzviisa pasi kwehunyanzvi hwakasiyana. pfungwa kune imwe nheyo yekuenzanisira kwakananga. Saka, semuenzaniso, melodrama yaiperekedzwa nemimhanzi yerudo, comic. mafirimu - humoresques, scherzos, adventure films - at a gallop, etc. Kuedza kugadzira mimhanzi yepakutanga yemafirimu inodzokera kumakore ekutanga ekuvapo kwemafirimu. Muna 1908 C. Saint-Saens akagadzira mumhanzi (sutu yetambo, zviridzwa, piyano uye harmonium muzvikamu zvishanu) yekutanga yefirimu The Assassination of the Duke of Guise. Kuedza kwakafanana kwakaitwa muGermany, USA.

MuSov. Kubatana nekuuya kwetsva, shanduko yemafirimu art, imwe nzira ye cinematography yakamuka - yekutanga claviers uye zvibodzwa zvemimhanzi zvakatanga kugadzirwa. kuperekedza mamwe mafirimu. Pakati peanozivikanwa zvikuru mimhanzi yaDD Shostakovich yefirimu "Babylon Itsva" (1929). Muna 1928 izvozvo. munyori E. Meisel akanyora mimhanzi kuratidza mazizi. firimu "Battleship Potemkin" muBerlin. Vanyori vakatsvaga kuwana yakasarudzika, yakazvimirira uye kongiri yemumhanzi mhinduro, yakatemwa nedhiramaturgy yecinematography. kugadzirwa, sangano rayo remukati.

Nekugadzirwa kwemichina yekurekodha gudzanzwi, firimu rega rega rakagamuchira rwiyo rwayo rwakasiyana. Ruzha rwake rwaisanganisira izwi rinonzwika uye ruzha.

Kubva pakaberekwa inzwi cinema, kare muna 1930s. pakanga paine kupatsanurwa kwecinematography kuita intraframe - kongiri, inokurudzirwa, inoruramiswa nekurira kwechiridzwa chinoratidzwa mufuremu, gudzanzwi reredhiyo, kuimba kwemunhu, nezvimwewo, uye kunze kwescreen - "munyori", "ane mamiriro". Mumhanzi we-off-screen, senge, wakabviswa pachiito uye panguva imwechete unoratidza zviitiko zvemufirimu, unoratidza kuyerera kwakavanzika kwechirongwa.

Mune mafirimu e30s, ayo aizivikanwa nokuda kwekuita kwavo kwakapinza kwechirongwa, chinyorwa chinonzwika chakawana kukosha kukuru; shoko nezviito zvave nzira dzakanyanya kukosha dzekuratidza hunhu. Sinema yakadaro chimiro chaida huwandu hukuru hwemumhanzi wemukati-mumhanzi, uchisimbisa nguva nenzvimbo yechiito. Vanyori vakatsvaga kupa dudziro yavo pachavo yemamiziro. mifananidzo; mu-frame mimhanzi yakava off-screen. Early 30s. yakaratidzwa nekutsvaga kwekubatanidzwa kwesemantic yemimhanzi mufirimu seine chinangwa uye yakakosha cinematic. chikamu. Imwe yemhando dzinonyanya kufarirwa dzemimhanzi yevatambi uye zviitiko zvemufirimu rwiyo. Mimhanzi inopararira zvikuru munguva iyi. firimu rinosetsa rinobva parwiyo rwakakurumbira.

Classic samples dzeK. dzemhando iyi dzakagadzirwa neIO Dunaevsky. Mimhanzi yake, nziyo dzemafirimu ("Merry Fellows", 1934, "Circus", 1936, "Volga-Volga", 1938, dir. GA Alexandrov; "Rich Bride", 1938, "Kuban Cossacks", 1950, inotungamirirwa neIA. Pyriev), akazadzwa nemafungiro emufaro, anosiyaniswa neiyo leitmotif yehunhu, dingindira. kureruka, kutendeseka, kwakawana mukurumbira mukuru.

Pamwe chete naDunayevsky, rwiyo rwetsika yekugadzira firimu rakagadzirwa nevanyori br. Pokrass, TN Khrennikov nevamwe, gare gare, mu50s-kutanga. NV Bogoslovsky, A. Ya. Eshpay, A. Ya. Lepin, AN Pakhmutova, AP Petrov, VE Basner, MG Fradkin nevamwe Firimu "Chapaev" (70, vatungamiri mukoma Vasiliev, comp. GN Popov) inosiyaniswa nekuenderana uye kururamisa kwekusarudzwa kwemimhanzi ye intra-frame. Iyo rwiyo-intonation chimiro chemufirimu (hwaro hwekusimudzira kunoshamisa rwiyo rwevanhu), iro rine imwe leitingtonation, rinoratidzira zvakananga mufananidzo weChapaev.

Mumafirimu ekuma30s. hukama pakati pemufananidzo nemimhanzi hwaive hwakavakirwa paCh. arr. zvichibva pamitemo yeparallelism: mimhanzi yakawedzera izvi kana kuti manzwiro, mafungiro akagadzirwa nemunyori wefirimu, mafungiro ake kune unhu, mamiriro ezvinhu, nezvimwewo. Chinonyanya kufarirwa panyaya iyi chaive mimhanzi yaDD Shostakovich yemafirimu Ega (1931, dir. GM Kozintsev), The Golden Mountains (1931, dir. SI Yutkevich), The Counter (1932, inotungamirirwa naFM Ermler, SI Yutkevich). Pamwe chete naShostakovich, mazizi makuru anouya kufirimu. symphonic vanyori - SS Prokofiev, Yu. A. Shaporin, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky nevamwe. Vazhinji vavo vanobatana mumabhaisikopo muhupenyu hwavo hwese hwekusika. Kazhinji mifananidzo yakasimuka muna K. yakava hwaro hwema symphonies akazvimiririra. kana kuti symphony yezwi. prod. (cantata "Alexander Nevsky" naProkofiev nevamwe). Pamwe chete nevatungamiriri vechikamu, vanyori vari kutsvaga mamisiti akakosha. zvisarudzo zvemufirimu, edza kunzwisisa dambudziko renzvimbo uye chinangwa chemimhanzi mu cinema. Nharaunda yekugadzira zvechokwadi yakabatanidza komputa. SS Prokofiev uye dir. SM Eisenstein, akashanda padambudziko rechimiro-chinoonekwa chemufirimu. Eisenstein naProkofiev vakawana mafomu ekutanga ekudyidzana pakati pemimhanzi nehunyanzvi hwekuona. Mimhanzi yaProkofiev yemafirimu aEisenstein "Alexander Nevsky" (1938) uye "Ivan the Terrible" (1st series - 1945; kusunungurwa pahwindo 2nd - 1958) inosiyaniswa nekupfupika, sculptural convexity yemamusi. mifananidzo, iwo chaiwo machisi ane rhythm uye dynamics icharatidza. mhinduro (yakagadziridzwa inonzwika-inotaridzika counterpoint inosvika pakukwana kwakakosha munzvimbo yeBattle on the Ice kubva mufirimu "Alexander Nevsky"). Basa rakabatana mubhaisikopo, kutsvaga kwekugadzira kwaEisenstein naProkofiev kwakabatsira pakuumbwa kwebhaisikopo senzira yakakosha yehunyanzvi. kutaura. Iyi tsika yakagamuchirwa gare gare nevanyori ve50s - kutanga. 70s Chido chekuedza, kuwanikwa kwemikana mitsva yekubatanidza mimhanzi nemifananidzo inosiyanisa basa reEV Denisov, RK Shchedrin, ML Tariverdiev, NN Karetnikov, AG Schnittke, BA Tchaikovsky nevamwe .

Chiyero chikuru cheunyanzvi. hunhu hwemimhanzi seunyanzvi huzhinji, hwakatemerwa basa rayo mubasa remufirimu: K. anoita "... basa remufananidzo wakasiyana-siyana maererano nechiitiko chinoratidzwa ..." (SM Eisenstein), inokubvumira kuti utaure chinonyanya kukosha. pfungwa kana pfungwa yefirimu. Yemazuva ano inonzwika-inotaridzika cinema inopa kuvepo kwemamuse mufirimu. pfungwa. Inobva pakushandiswa kwezvose zviri kunze kwe-screen uye intra-frame, mimhanzi inokurudzirwa, iyo inowanzova nzira yekusavhiringidza, asi yakadzama uye yakadzikama kunzwisisa kwechinyorwa chevanhu. Pamwe chete nekushandiswa kwakapararira kwenzira yekuenzanisa kwakananga kwemimhanzi nemifananidzo, "kupikisa" kushandiswa kwemimhanzi kunotanga kuita basa rinowedzera rinokosha (zvinoreva izvo zvakaongororwa na SM Eisenstein kunyange kusati kwasvika bhaisikopo rezwi). Yakavakirwa pakusiyana kwakasiyana kwemimhanzi nemifananidzo, nzira iyi inosimudzira mutambo wezviitiko zvinoratidzwa (kupfurwa kwenhapwa mufirimu reItaly The Long Night ya1943, 1960, inoperekedzwa nemimhanzi inofadza yekufora kwechifascist; yekupedzisira inofadza. zvikamu zvemufirimu weItaly Divorce in Italian, 1961, zvinopfuura kune ruzha rwekufora kwemariro). Means. mimhanzi yakashanduka-shanduka. a leitmotif iyo inowanzo ratidza iyo yakawanda, inonyanya kukosha pfungwa yefirimu (somuenzaniso, dingindira reGelsomina muItaly firimu The Road, 1954, inotungamirirwa naF. Fellini, mutambi N. Rota). Dzimwe nguva mumazuva ano Mufirimu, mimhanzi inoshandiswa kwete kuwedzera, asi kuva nemanzwiro. Semuenzaniso, mufirimu "400 Blows" (1959), mutungamiri F. Truffaut uye munyori A. Constantin vanoedza kuoma kwemimhanzi. madingindira ekukurudzira muoni kuti aongorore zvine musoro zviri kuitika pachiratidziri.

Muses. pfungwa yefirimu yakanyatsoiswa pasi kune pfungwa yemunyori mukuru. Saka, somuenzaniso, muJapan. firimu "The Naked Island" (1960, dir. K. Shindo, comp. X. Hayashi), iyo inotaura nezvehupenyu hwakaoma, hwakaoma, asi hwakadzama hune chinangwa hwevanhu vari kuita duel nemasikirwo mukurwira kuvapo, mimhanzi inogara ichionekwa. mumapfuti anoratidza zuva nezuva basa revanhu ava, uye anobva anyangarika kana zviitiko zvikuru zvinopinda muhupenyu hwavo. Mufirimu "The Ballad of a Soldier" (1959, dir. G. Chukhrai, comp. M. Ziv), akarongwa semuimbi. nyaya, mimhanzi mifananidzo ine adv. base; inowanwa nemunyori wenziyo mimhanzi inosimbisa kunaka kusingaperi uye kusingachinji kwehukama huri nyore uye hunyoro hwevanhu.

Mimhanzi yefirimu inogona kunge iri yepakutanga, yakanyorerwa chaizvo iyi firimu, kana inoumbwa nenziyo dzinozivikanwa, nziyo, classical music. mimhanzi inoshanda. Mumabhaisikopo emazuva ano anowanzo shandisa mimhanzi yemakirasi - J. Haydn, JS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, nevamwe, vachibatsira vagadziri vemafirimu kubatanidza nyaya yemazuva ano. nyika ine high humanistic. tsika.

Mimhanzi inotora nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha mumimhanzi. mafirimu, nyaya yakatsaurirwa pamusoro pevanyori, vaimbi, vaimbi. Anoita zvimwe dramaturgy. mabasa (kana iyi iri nyaya yekusikwa kwechimwe chidimbu chemimhanzi), kana inosanganisirwa mufirimu senhamba yekuisa. Basa rekutanga remimhanzi mukugadziridzwa kwemafirimu eopera kana ballet maitiro, pamwe neakazvimirira akagadzirwa pahwaro hwema opera uye ballet. kugadzirwa kwemafirimu. Kukosha kwerudzi urwu rwemabhaisikopo ari kunyanya mukuzivikanwa kwakakura kweakanakisa mabasa echinyakare. nenziyo dzemazuva ano. Muma60s. muFrance, kuedza kwakaitwa kugadzira rudzi rwekutanga firimu opera (The Umbrellas of Cherbourg, 1964, dir. J. Demy, comp. M. Legrand).

Mimhanzi inosanganisirwa mune animated, zvinyorwa uye ane mukurumbira sainzi mafirimu. Mumafirimu emakatuni, nzira dzavo dzemimhanzi dzakagadzirwa. design. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiyo nzira yekunyatsoenderana kwemimhanzi uye mufananidzo: rwiyo runodzokorora kana kutevedzera kufamba pachiratidziri (uyezve, mhedzisiro inogona kuve iri parodic uye lyrical). Means. anofarira mune izvi mafirimu eAmer. dir. W. Disney, uye kunyanya mapendi ake kubva ku “Funny Symphonies” akatevedzana, ane mukurumbira miziyamu mumifananidzo inooneka. prod. (somuenzaniso, "Dance of the Skeletons" kumimhanzi ye symphonic nhetembo naC. Saint-Saens "Dance of Death", nezvimwewo).

Modern musical development stage. kugadzirwa kwefirimu kunoratidzwa nekukosha kwakaenzana kwemimhanzi pakati pezvimwe zvikamu zvebasa remufirimu. Mumhanzi wemafirimu nderimwe remanzwi akakosha emufirimu. polyphony, iyo inowanzova kiyi yekuburitsa zviri mufirimu.

References: Bugoslavsky S., Messman V., Mimhanzi uye cinema. Pamberi pefirimu nenziyo, M., 1926; Blok DS, Vugoslavsky SA, Musical accompaniment mu cinema, M.-L., 1929; London K., Mumhanzi Wemafirimu, trans. kubva kuGermany, M.-L., 1937; Ioffe II, Mimhanzi yeSoviet cinema, L., 1938; Cheremukhin MM, Mumhanzi wemufirimu unonzwika, M., 1939; Korganov T., Frolov I., Cinema uye mimhanzi. Mimhanzi mudramaturgy yefirimu, M., 1964; Petrova IF, Mimhanzi yeSoviet cinema, M., 1964; Eisenstein S., Kubva mutsamba neProkofiev, "SM", 1961, Nha 4; iye, Mutungamiriri uye munyori, ibid., 1964, No 8; Fried E., Mimhanzi muSoviet cinema, (L., 1967); Lissa Z., Aesthetics yemimhanzi yemufirimu, M., 1970.

IM Shilova