Niccolò Paganini (Niccolò Paganini) |

Niccolo Paganini

Paizova nomumwe muimbi akadaro here, ane upenyu nomukurumbira zvaizopenya nokupenya kwezuva kwakajeka kudaro, nyanzvi iyo nyika yose yaizoziva mukunamata kwayo kwokushingaira samambo wevanyori vose. F. List

MuItaly, mutaundi reGenoa, violin yakaisvonaka yePaganini inochengetwa, iyo yaakasiya kumusha kwake. Kamwe chete pagore, maererano netsika yakagadzwa, vanoridza violin vakakurumbira pasi rose vanoridza pairi. Paganini akadana violin "cannon yangu" - aya ndiwo maratidziro akaita muimbi kutora chikamu chake mubato rerusununguko rwenyika muItari, iro rakaitika muchikamu chekutanga chechitatu chezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Unyanzvi hwekupengereka, hwekupandukira hwemutambi weviolin hwakasimudza mafungiro ekuda nyika yevaItaria, akavadana kurwisa kusateerera mutemo munharaunda. Nokuda kwokunzwira tsitsi sangano reCarbonari uye kutaura kwokushora vafundisi, Paganini akatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa rokuti “Genoese Jacobin” uye akatambudzwa navafundisi veKaturike. Makonzati ake aiwanzorambidzwa nemapurisa, aitarisirwa pasi pawo.

Paganini akaberekerwa mumhuri yemutengesi muduku. Kubva pazera remakore mana, mandolin, violin uye gitare vakava shamwari dzeupenyu hwemuimbi. Vadzidzisi vemunyori weramangwana vaiva baba vake pakutanga, mudiwa mukuru wemimhanzi, uyezve J. Costa, mutambi weviolin weCathedral yeSan Lorenzo. Paganini konzati yokutanga yakaitika paaiva nemakore 11 okuberekwa. Pakati pezvinyorwa zvakaitwa, misiyano yemuimbi wechidiki padingindira rerwiyo rwechimurenga rweFrance "Carmagnola" zvakaitwa zvakare.

Nenguva isipi zita rePaganini rakasvika pakuzivikanwa zvikuru. Akapa makonzati muNorthern Italy, kubva muna 1801 kusvika muna 1804 aigara muTuscany. Iko panguva ino iyo kusikwa kweakakurumbira caprices ye solo violin ndeye. Muzuva rekufara kwemukurumbira wake, Paganini akachinja basa rake rekonzati kwemakore akati wandei kuita dare redzimhosva muLucca (1805-08), mushure mezvo akadzoka zvakare kuzotamba konzati. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mukurumbira wePaganini wakapfuura Italy. Vazhinji veEuropean violinists vakauya kuzoyera simba ravo naye, asi hapana mumwe wavo aigona kuva mukwikwidzi wake akakodzera.

Paganini's virtuosity yainakidza, maitiro ayo kune vateereri anoshamisa uye haatsananguriki. Kune vakararama panguva imwe chete naye, aiita seasinganzwisisike, chinhu chinoshamisa. Vamwe vaimuona seshasha, vamwe munyengeri; zita rake rakatanga kuwana ngano dzakasiyana siyana munguva yehupenyu hwake. Nekudaro, izvi zvakafambiswa zvakanyanya nekutanga kwekuonekwa kwake "kwedhimoni" uye zvikamu zverudo zvebiography yake zvine chekuita nemazita evakadzi vazhinji vanokudzwa.

Pazera remakore 46, pakukwirira kwemukurumbira wake, Paganini akafamba kunze kweItaly kekutanga. Makonzati ake muEurope akakonzeresa kuongororwa kwevanotungamira maartist. F. Schubert naG. Heine, W. Goethe naO. Balzac, E. Delacroix naTA Hoffmann, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, G. Berlioz, G. Rossini, J. Meyerbeer nevamwe vakawanda vakanga vari pasi peviyoni yekurarisa wePaganini. Manzwiro ake akaunza nguva itsva mune zvemitambo. Chiitiko chePaganini chakava nepesvedzero yakasimba pabasa raF. Liszt, uyo akadana mutambo wenyanzvi yokuItaly kuti “chishamiso chinopfuura chomuzvarirwo.”

Kushanya kwePaganini kuEurope kwakatora makore gumi. Akadzokera kumusha kwake atorwara zvake. Mushure mekufa kwaPaganini, curia yepapa kwenguva yakareba haina kupa mvumo yekuvigwa kwake muItaly. Makore akawanda chete gare gare, madota emuimbi akaendeswa kuParma ndokuvigwa ikoko.

Mumiriri akajeka wekudanana mumhanzi wePaganini aive panguva imwecheteyo muimbi wenyika. Basa rake rinonyanya kubva kutsika dzehunyanzvi dzevanhu vekuItaly uye nyanzvi dzemimhanzi.

Mabasa emunyori achiri kunzwika zvakanyanya padanho rekonzati, achienderera mberi nekukwezva vateereri ne cantilena isingaperi, virtuoso elements, shungu, fungidziro isina muganhu mukuburitsa zvingaita zveviolin. Mabasa aPaganini anowanzoitwa anosanganisira Campanella (The Bell), rondo kubva kuChipiri Violin Concerto, uye Yekutanga Violin Concerto.

Iyo yakakurumbira "24 Capricci" yeviolin solo ichiri kutorwa seyakagwinya kubudirira kwevanoridza violin. Ramba uri murepertoire yevatambi uye zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvePaganini - pane zvinyorwa zvema operas "Cinderella", "Tancred", "Moses" naG. Rossini, pamusoro pehurukuro ye ballet "The Wedding of Benevento" naF. Süssmeier (munyori akadana basa iri kuti "Varoyi"), pamwe chete nenziyo dzakanaka "Carnival yeVenice" uye "Perpetual Motion".

Paganini aiziva kwete chete violin, asiwo gitare. Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvake, zvakanyorerwa violin uye gitare, zvichiri kuverengerwa mune repertoire yevatambi.

Mimhanzi yaPaganini yakakurudzira vanyori vakawanda. Mamwe emabasa ake akarongerwa piyano naLiszt, Schumann, K. Riemanovsky. Nziyo dzeCampanella uye makumi maviri neina Caprice dzakagadzira hwaro hwekugadzirisa uye kusiyanisa nevanyori vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana uye zvikoro: Liszt, Chopin, I. Brahms, S. Rachmaninov, V. Lutoslavsky. Mufananidzo wakafanana werudo wemuimbi wakatorwa naG. Heine munyaya yake "Florentine Nights".

I. Vetlitsyna

Akazvarwa mumhuri yemutengesi mudiki, mumhanzi anoda. Muhuduku, akadzidza kubva kuna baba vake kuridza mandolin, ipapo violin. Kwenguva yakati akadzidza naJ. Costa, mutambi wokutanga we<em>violin weCathedral yeSan Lorenzo. Pazera remakore gumi nerimwe, akapa konzati yakazvimirira muGenoa (pakati pemabasa akaitwa - kusiyana kwake parwiyo rwechimurenga rweFrance "Carmagnola"). Muna 11-1797 akapa makonti muNorthern Italy. Muna 98-1801 aigara muTuscany, muna 04-1804 - muGenoa. Mumakore aya, akanyora "05 Capricci" ye solo violin, sonatas yeviolin ine gitare inoperekedza, tambo quartets (ine gitare). Pashure pokushanda mudare muLucca (24-1805), Paganini akazvipira chose chose kuita konzati. Mukati memakonzati muMilan (08), makwikwi akaitika pakati paPaganini nomuimbi weFrench violinist C. Lafont, uyo akabvuma kuti akanga akundwa. Yakanga iri kuratidzwa kwekurwisana kwakaitika pakati pechikoro chekare chechikoro uye maitiro erudo (zvino, makwikwi akafanana mundima yepiyano art yakaitika muParis pakati peF. Liszt naZ. Thalberg). Kutamba kwaPaganini (kubvira 1815) kuAustria, Czech Republic, Germany, France, England, nedzimwe nyika kwakaita kuti aonekwe nechido kubva kune vaitungamira mune zvehunyanzvi (Liszt, R. Schumann, H. Heine, nevamwe) uye vakamugadzirira kubwinya kwehunhu husingaenzaniswi. Hunhu hwaPaganini hwakanga hwakakomberedzwa nengano dzinonakidza, izvo zvakafambiswa nekutanga kwechimiro chake che "dhimoni" uye zvikamu zverudo zvebiography yake. Vafundisi veKaturike vakatambudza Paganini nokuda kwokushora vafundisi uye kunzwira urombo sangano reCarbonari. Mushure mekufa kwaPaganini, dare repapa harina kupa mvumo yekuvigwa kwake muItaly. Makore akawanda chete gare gare, madota ePaganini akaendeswa kuParma. Mufananidzo wePaganini wakatorwa naG. Heine munyaya inonzi Florentine Nights (1828).

Basa rinofambira mberi rePaganini nderimwe rekuratidzira kwakajeka kwerudo rwemumhanzi, rwakave rwakapararira muunyanzvi hweItaly (kusanganisira mumitambo yekuda nyika yaG. Rossini naV. Bellini) pasi pesimba rebato rerusununguko rwenyika ye10-30s. . Muzana remakore rechi19 Unyanzvi hwePaganini hwakanga huri munzira dzakawanda dzakabatana nebasa reFrench romantics: munyori G. Berlioz (uyo Paganini ndiye akatanga kukoshesa uye kushingaira kutsigira), munyori wemifananidzo E. Delacroix, mudetembi V. Hugo. Paganini akakwezva vateereri nemafambiro ekuita kwake, kupenya kwemifananidzo yake, ndege dzemhando yepamusoro, misiyano inoshamisa, uye hukuru hunoshamisa hwekutamba kwake. Mune unyanzvi hwake, izvo zvinonzi. fungidziro yemahara yakaratidza maficha echiItaly folk improvisational maitiro. Paganini ndiye aiva mutambi weviolin wekutanga kuita zvirongwa zvekonzati nemusoro. Neushingi kuunza maitiro matsva ekutamba, achivandudza mukana wemavara echiridzwa, Paganini akawedzera nzvimbo yesimba reviolin art, akaisa hwaro hwemazuva ano kuridza violin. Akashandisa zvakanyanya huwandu hwese chiridzwa, akashandisa munwe kutambanudza, kusvetuka, zvakasiyana-siyana kaviri manotsi maitiro, harmonics, pizzicato, percussive strokes, kutamba pane imwe tambo. Mamwe emabasa aPaganini akaoma zvokuti mushure mekufa kwake akaonekwa seasingatambwe kwenguva refu (Y. Kubelik ndiye akatanga kutamba nawo).

Paganini munyori akatanhamara. Zvinyorwa zvake zvinosiyaniswa nepurasitiki uye kunakidza kwenziyo, ushingi hwekugadzirisa. Munhaka yake yekugadzira inomira "24 capricci" ye solo violin op. 1 (mune mamwe acho, semuenzaniso, mu21st capriccio, nheyo itsva dzekusimudzira melodic dzinoshandiswa, kutarisira maitiro eLiszt naR. Wagner), 1st uye 2nd concertos ye violin uye orchestra (D-dur, 1811; h. -moll, 1826; chikamu chekupedzisira chekupedzisira ndiyo yakakurumbira "Campanella"). Kusiyana kwe opera, ballet uye zvinyorwa zvevanhu, chamber-instrumental mabasa, nezvimwewo, yakaita basa rinokosha mubasa raPaganini. Imwe nyanzvi yegitare, Paganini akanyorawo nezve 200 zvidimbu zvechiridzwa ichi.

Mubasa rake rekunyora, Paganini anoita semuimbi akadzamisa nyika, achivimba netsika dzechivanhu dzeItaly musical art. Mabasa aakasika, akaratidzwa nekuzvimirira kwechimiro, kushinga kwechimiro, uye hunyanzvi, akashanda senzvimbo yekutanga yekuvandudzwa kwese kwakatevera kweunyanzvi hweviolin. Yakabatanidzwa nemazita eLiszt, F. Chopin, Schumann naBerlioz, kuchinja kwekuita piyano uye unyanzvi hwezviridzwa, izvo zvakatanga mu30s. 19th century, yakakonzerwa zvakanyanya nepesvedzero yehunyanzvi hwaPaganini. Izvo zvakakanganisawo kuumbwa kwemutauro mutsva wemelodic, hunhu hwemimhanzi yerudo. Pesvedzero yePaganini inoteverwa zvisina kunanga muzana ramakore rechi20. (1st concerto ye violin uye orchestra naProkofiev; violin yakadaro inoshanda se "Ngano" naSzymanowski, konzati yekufungidzira "Gypsy" naRavel). Mamwe emabasa eViolin aPaganini akarongerwa piyano naLiszt, Schumann, I. Brahms, SV Rachmaninov.

Kubva 1954, Paganini International Violin Competition yave ichiitwa gore negore muGenoa.

IM Yampolsky

Mumakore iwayo Rossini naBellini pavakanyanya kufarira nzanga yemimhanzi, Italy yakaisa mberi shasha yemuimbi wevioso uye munyori wenziyo Niccolò Paganini. Hunyanzvi hwake hwakave nemhedzisiro inooneka pamagariro emimhanzi yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Kusvika pamwero wakafanana nevanyori veopera, Paganini akakurira muvhu renyika. Italy, nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwe opera, panguva imwecheteyo yaive nzvimbo yepakati pechinyakare chakakotama chiridzwa tsika. Kare muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, chikoro chinopenya che violin chakamuka ipapo, chinomiririrwa nemazita aLegrenzi, Marini, Veracini, Vivaldi, Corelli, Tartini. Kusimukira padhuze nehunyanzvi hweopera, mumhanzi weviolin wekuItaly wakatora gwara regutsaruzhinji.

Kunyorova kwerwiyo, denderedzwa remhando yenziyo dzenziyo, iyo inobwinya "konisati", iyo yepurasitiki symmetry yefomu - zvese izvi zvakatora chimiro pasi pesimba risingapokane reiyo opera.

Idzi tsika dzekushandisa dzaive mhenyu mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Paganini, uyo akafukidza vakamutangira uye vakararama panguva iyoyo, akapenya mune yakaisvonaka boka renyeredzi rakatanhamara virtuoso violinists akadai Viotti, Rode nevamwe.

Kukosha kwakasiyana-siyana kwePaganini kwakabatana kwete chete nenyaya yekuti aive pachena aive mukuru weviolin virtuoso munhoroondo yemimhanzi. Paganini yakakura, kutanga pane zvese, semugadziri weiyo nyowani, yerudo yekuita maitiro. SaRossini naBellini, hunyanzvi hwake hwakashanda seratidziro yerudo runoshanda rwakamuka muItari pasi pesimba repfungwa dzakakurumbira dzerusununguko. Iyo inoshamisa nzira yePaganini, yakapfuura pamusoro pemaitiro ese ekuita violin, yakasangana nezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi. Hunhu hwake hukuru, kutaura kwakadhindwa, hupfumi hunoshamisa hwemanzwisisiro zvakapa hunyanzvi hutsva, mhedzisiro isina kumboitika.

Hunhu hwerudo hwePaganini mabasa mazhinji eviolin (kune makumi masere awo, ayo makumi maviri asina kuburitswa) anonyanya kukonzerwa neiyo yakakosha imba yekuchengetera virtuoso performance. Munhaka yekusika yePaganini kune mabasa anokwezva kutarisisa neakashinga modulations uye mavambo ekusimudzira melodic, inoyeuchidza mimhanzi yaLiszt naWagner (semuenzaniso, makumi maviri nekutanga Capriccio). Asi zvakadaro, chinhu chikuru muPaganini's violin mabasa ndeyekunaka, iyo yakaramba ichisundira miganhu yekujekesa yezviridzwa zvenguva yake. Mabhuku akaburitswa ePaganini haape mufananidzo wakakwana weizwi ravo chairo, sezvo chinhu chakakosha chekunyora kwemunyori chaive fungidziro yemahara nenzira yekuvandudzwa kwevanhu vekuItaly. Paganini akakwereta akawanda emhedzisiro yake kubva kune vanhu vanoita zvemitambo. Ihwo hunhu kuti vamiriri vechikoro chakanyanya chedzidzo (semuenzaniso, Spurs) vakaona mumutambo wake maficha e "buffoonery". Zvinokosha zvakaenzana kuti, semunhu ane hunyanzvi, Paganini akaratidza shasha chete pakuita mabasa ake.

Hunhu husina kujairika hwaPaganini, mufananidzo wake wese we "free artist" waienderana nepfungwa dzepanguva iyoyo nezvemutambi werudo. Kusaremekedza kwake magungano enyika uye kunzwira tsitsi vanhu vakaderera, kudzungaira muhuduku hwake uye kudzungaira kure mumakore ake akura, chitarisiko chisina kujairika, “chemadhimoni” uye, pakupedzisira, shasha yekuita isinganzwisisike yakamutsa ngano pamusoro pake. . Vafundisi veKaturike vakatambudza Paganini nokuda kwokushora kwake vafundisi uye nokuda kwokunzwira urombo kwake vaCarbonari. Zvakasvika pakupomerwa kweanecdotal nezve "dhiyabhorosi kuvimbika".

Kufungidzira kwenhetembo kwaHeine, mukutsanangura mashiripiti ekutamba kwaPaganini, anopenda mufananidzo wekwakabva kwetarenda rake.

Paganini akaberekerwa muGenoa pana October 27, 1782. Akadzidziswa kuridza violin nababa vake. Pazera remakore mapfumbamwe, Paganini akaita kuonekwa kwake kwekutanga, achiita zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pedingindira reFrench revolutionary song Carmagnola. Pazera remakore gumi nematatu akaita rwendo rwake rwekutanga kuLombardy. Mushure meizvi, Paganini akaisa pfungwa dzake pakubatanidza violin inoshanda mune imwe nzira itsva. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, akadzidza kuumbwa kwemwedzi mitanhatu chete, achigadzira makumi maviri nemana fugues panguva ino. Pakati pe1801 na1804, Paganini akatanga kufarira kugadzira gitare (akasika zvidimbu mazana maviri zvechiridzwa ichi). Kunze kweiyi nguva yemakore matatu, paakanga asina kuoneka pachikuva zvachose, Paganini, kusvika pazera remakore makumi mana nemashanu, akapa makonti akawanda uye nekubudirira kukuru muItaly. Kukura kwemaitiro ake kunogona kutongwa nekuti mune imwe mwaka muna 200 akapa anenge makumi mana emakonzati muMilan.

Rwendo rwake rwekutanga kunze kwenyika yakaitika chete muna 1828 (Vienna, Warsaw, Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin, Paris, London nemamwe maguta). Rwendo urwu rwakamuunzira mukurumbira pasi rose. Paganini akaita fungidziro inoshamisa paruzhinji uye nevanotungamira maartist. MuVienna - Schubert, muWarsaw - Chopin, muLeipzig - Schumann, muParis - Liszt naBerlioz vakabatwa netarenda rake. Muna 1831, kufanana nevazhinji maartist, Paganini akagara muParis, achikwezvwa nehupenyu hwekusagadzikana hwemagariro nehunyanzvi hweguta guru renyika. Akagara ikoko kwemakore matatu uye akadzokera kuItaly. Kurwara kwakamanikidza Paganini kuderedza zvakanyanya nhamba yemitambo. Akafa May 27, 1840.

Simba rePaganini rinonyanya kuoneka mumunda wemimhanzi yeviolin, umo akaita shanduko chaiyo. Kunyanya kukosha kwaive kuita kwake pachikoro cheBelgian neFrench chevanoridza violin.

Zvisinei, kunyange kunze kweiyi nharaunda, unyanzvi hwaPaganini hwakasiya chiratidzo chisingagumi. Schumann, Liszt, Brahms akaronga zvidzidzo zvepiyano Paganini kubva mubasa rake rinokosha zvikuru - "24 capriccios for solo violin" op. 1, inova, senge, encyclopedia yemaitiro ake matsva ekuita.

(Mazhinji emaitiro akagadzirwa naPaganini ndeyekushinga kwekusimudzira kwehunyanzvi hwemisimboti inowanikwa muvatangiri vePaganini uye mune tsika dzechivanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera: dhigirii risati ramboitika rekushandiswa kwemazwi anonzwika, izvo zvakaita kuti zvese zviri zviviri kuwedzere kukuru kwehuwandu iyo violin uye nekupfumisa kwakakosha kwetimbre yayo; yakakweretwa kubva kune violinist yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX Bieber masisitimu akasiyana ekugadzirisa violin kuti iwane yakasarudzika mavara emhedzisiro; kushandisa ruzha rwepizzicato uye uta uchitamba panguva imwe chete: kutamba kwete kaviri chete. , asiwo manotsi matatu; chromatic glissandos nemunwe mumwe, akasiyana siyana euta, kusanganisira staccato; kuita patambo imwe; kuwedzera huwandu hwetambo yechina kusvika matatu octaves uye mamwe.)

Chopin's piano etudes yakagadzirwawo pasi pesimba rePaganini. Uye kunyange zvazvo muChopin's pianistic style zvakaoma kuona kuwirirana kwakananga nemaitiro ePaganini, zvisinei kune kwaari kuti Chopin ane chikwereti nokuda kwekududzirwa kwake kutsva kwemhando ye etude. Nokudaro, pianism yerudo, iyo yakazarura nguva itsva munhoroondo yekushanda kwepiyano, pasina mubvunzo yakatora chimiro pasi pesimba rePaganini's new virtuoso style.

VD Konen

Zvinyorwa:

ye solo violin - 24 capricci op. 1. ye violin uye orchestra -5 concertos (D-dur, op. 6, 1811 kana 1817-18; h-minor, op. 7, 1826, ed. P., 1851; E-dur, pasina op., 1826; d-moll, pasina op., 1830, ed. Mil., 1954; a-moll, yakatanga muna 1830), 8 sonatas (1807-28, kusanganisira Napoleon, 1807, patambo imwe; Spring, Primavera, 1838 kana 1839), Perpetual Motion (Il moto perpetuo, op. 11, mushure me1830), Kusiyana (Muroyi, La streghe, padingindira reMuchato waSüssmayr weBenevento, op. 8, 1813; Munamato, Preghiera, padingindira raMoses waRossini, patambo imwe chete, 1818 kana 1819; Handichanzwi kusuwa pachoto, Non piu mesta accanto al fuoco, padingindira rakabva kuRossini's Cinderella, op. Rossini's Tancred, op.12, pamwe 1819); ye viola uye orchestra - sonata yeviola huru (zvichida 1834); ye violin uye gitare - 6 sonatas, op. 2 (1801-06), 6 sonatas, op. 3 (1801-06), Cantabile (d-moll, ed. ye skr. uye fp., W., 1922); yegitare uye violin - sonata (1804, ed. Fr. / M., 1955/56), Grand Sonata (ed. Lpz. - W., 1922); chamber instrumental ensembles - Concert trio yeviola, vlc. uye magitare (Spanish 1833, ed. 1955-56), 3 quartets, op. 4 (1802-05, ed. Mil., 1820), 3 quartets, op. 5 (1802-05, ed. Mil., 1820) uye 15 quartets (1818-20; ed. quartet No. 7, Fr./M., 1955/56) ye violin, viola, gitare uye mazwi, 3 quartet ye 2 skr., viola uye vlc. (1800s, ed. quartet E-dur, Lpz., 1840s); vocal-instrumental, nziyo dzemanzwi, nezvimwe.

References:

Yampolsky I., Paganini - gitare, "SM", 1960, Nhamba 9; wake pachake, Niccolò Paganini. Hupenyu uye hunyanzvi, M., 1961, 1968 (notography uye chronograph); yake pachake, Capricci N. Paganini, M., 1962 (B-ka muteereri wemakonzati); Palmin AG, Niccolo Paganini. 1782-1840. Muchidimbu biographical sketch. Bhuku revechidiki, L., 1961.