Alfred Cortot |

Alfred Cortot

Alfred Cortot akararama hupenyu hurefu uye husina zvibereko. Akadzika munhoroondo semumwe wevatambi vepiyano yenyika, semuimbi mukuru wepiyano weFrance muzana redu ramakore. Asi kunyangwe tikakanganwa kwechinguvana pamusoro pemukurumbira wepasi rese nekukodzera kweiyi tenzi wepiyano, saka kunyangwe zvakadaro zvaakaita zvaive zvakatokwana kunyora zita rake zvachose munhoroondo yemimhanzi yechiFrench.

Muchokwadi, Cortot akatanga basa rake semupiyano zvinokatyamadza kunonoka - chete pachikumbaridzo chekuzvarwa kwake makumi matatu. Zvechokwadi, kunyange zvisati zvaitika, akashandisa nguva yakawanda ku piyano. Achiri mudzidzi paParis Conservatory - kutanga mukirasi yeDecombe, uye mushure mekufa kwekupedzisira mukirasi yaL. Diemer, akaita debut yake muna 30, achiita Beethoven's Concerto muG minor. Imwe yeakasimba maratidziro ehudiki hwake yaive kwaari musangano - kunyangwe asati apinda muchengetedzo - naAnton Rubinstein. Mutariri mukuru weRussia, mushure mekuteerera kumutambo wake, akarayira mukomana nemashoko aya: "Mwana, usakanganwa zvandichakuudza! Beethoven haitambidzwe, asi inonyorwa zvakare. Aya mazwi akava chirevo chehupenyu hwaCorto.

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Uye zvakadaro, mumakore ake emudzidzi, Cortot ainyanya kufarira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemimhanzi. Aifarira Wagner, akadzidza symphonic scores. Apedza kudzidza paimba yokuchengeta mitambo muna 1896, akabudirira kuzvizivisa somuimbi wepiyano munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope, asi nokukurumidza akaenda kuguta reWagner reBayreuth, kwaakashanda kwemakore maviri somuperekedzi, mutevedzeri womutungamiriri, uye pakupedzisira, kondakita. pasi pekutungamirirwa kweMohicans yekuitisa unyanzvi - X. Richter naF Motlya. Kudzokera ipapo kuParis, Cortot anoita seanoenderera mberi propagandist webasa raWagner; pasi pekutungamira kwake, kutanga kweKufa kweVamwari (1902) kunoitika muguta guru reFrance, mamwe ma opera ari kuitwa. "Kana Cortot achiitisa, ini handina chekutaura," iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Cosima Wagner pachake akaongorora kunzwisisa kwake kwemimhanzi iyi. Muna 1902, muimbi akatanga Cortot Association of Concerts muguta guru, iyo yaakatungamirira kwemwaka miviri, uye akazova conductor weParis National Society uye Popular Concerts muLille. Mumakore gumi ekutanga ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Cortot akapa kuruzhinji rweFrance nhamba huru yemabasa matsva - kubva kuRing yeNibelungen kusvika kumabasa emazuva ano, anosanganisira Russian, vanyori. Uye gare gare aigara achiita semutungamiri ane ochestra yakanakisisa uye akatanga mamwe mapoka maviri - Philharmonic uye Symphony.

Chokwadi, makore ose aya Cortot haana kurega kuita piano. Asi hakusi netsaona kuti takagara tichitaura zvakadzama kudaro pane mamwe mativi ebasa rake. Kunyangwe zvakangove mushure me1908 apo kuita kwepiyano zvishoma nezvishoma kwakauya pamberi mumabasa ake, ndiko kwanga kuri kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwemuimbi kwainyanya kutsanangura mutsauko wechitarisiko chake chepiyano.

Iye pachake akaumba dzidziso yake yokuturikira sezvinotevera: “Maonero ebasa anogona kuva maviri: kungava kusafamba kana kutsvaka. Kutsvaga vavariro yemunyori, kupesana netsika dzakashoreka. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechekupa rusununguko rwekufungidzira, kugadzira kuumbwa zvakare. Iyi ndiyo dudziro yacho.” Uye mune chimwe chinoitika, akataura mufungo unotevera: “Mugumo mukurusa wenyanzvi ndeyokumutsidzira kunzwa kwomunhu kwakavanzwa munziyo.”

Hongu, chekutanga, Cortot aive uye akaramba ari muimbi papiyano. Virtuosity haina kumbomukwezva uye yakanga isiri yakasimba, inooneka divi reunyanzvi hwake. Asi kunyange nyanzvi yokuridza piyano yakasimba saG. Schonberg yakabvuma kuti paiva nechido chaicho kubva kune uyu mutambi wepiyano: “Akawanepi nguva yokuita kuti unyanzvi hwake hurambe hwakarongeka? Mhinduro iri nyore: haana kuzviita zvachose. Cortot aigara achikanganisa, aive nendangariro dzakashata. Kune chero imwe, isinganyanyi kukosha muimbi, izvi zvingave zvisingaregererwi. Zvakanga zvisina basa kuna Cortot. Izvi zvakaonekwa semimvuri inonzwisiswa mumifananidzo yevatenzi vekare. Nokuti, pasinei nezvikanganiso zvose, unyanzvi hwake hwakanaka hwakanga husina kukanganisa uye huchikwanisa chero "mafirework" kana mimhanzi yaida. Chirevo chomutsoropodzi ane mukurumbira wechiFrench Bernard Gavoti chinocherekedzwawo: “Chinhu chakanakisisa pamusoro paCortot ndechokuti piyano inorega kuva piyano pasi peminwe yake.”

Chokwadi, kududzira kwaCortot kunodzorwa nemimhanzi, inodzorwa nemweya webasa, njere dzakadzama, nhetembo dzine ushingi, pfungwa dzekufunga kwehunyanzvi - zvese izvo zvakamusiyanisa nevamwe vazhinji vairidza piyano. Uye zvechokwadi, kupfuma kunoshamisa kwemavara eruzha, ayo aiita seanodarika kugona kwepiyanowo zvayo. Hazvishamisi kuti Cortot pachake akagadzira izwi rokuti "piano orchestration", uye mumuromo make yakanga isiri mutsara wakaisvonaka. Pakupedzisira, rusununguko runoshamisa rwekuita, rwakapa dudziro dzake uye maitiro chaiwo ekutamba chimiro chekufungidzira kwehuzivi kana rondedzero dzinofadza dzakabata vateereri zvisingakanganisi.

Unhu hwese uhwu hwakaita kuti Cortot ave mumwe wevaturikiri vakanaka vemimhanzi yerudo yezana ramakore rapfuura, kunyanya Chopin naSchumann, pamwe nevanyori vechiFrench. Kazhinji, repertoire yemuimbi yakanga yakawanda kwazvo. Pamwe chete nemabasa evanyori ava, akaita zvakanakisa sonatas, rhapsodies uye zvinyorwa zveLiszt, mabasa makuru uye madiki naMendelssohn, Beethoven, uye Brahms. Chero basa rakawanikwa kubva kwaari rinokosha, rakasiyana nemamwe maitiro, rakavhurwa nenzira itsva, dzimwe nguva zvichikonzera kukakavara pakati pevanoziva, asi nguva dzose inofadza vateereri.

Cortot, muimbi kune mwongo wemapfupa ake, haana kugutsikana chete nerepertoire yega uye makonzati ane orchestra, aigara achitendeukira kumumhanzi wekamuri zvakare. Muna 1905, pamwe chete naJacques Thibault naPablo Casals, vakatanga vatatu, vane makontikiti kwemakumi emakore akati wandei - kusvika pakufa kwaThibaut - aive mazororo evanoda mimhanzi.

Kubwinya kwaAlfred Cortot - pianist, conductor, ensemble player - atova mu30s akapararira pasirese; munyika dzakawanda aizivikanwa nemarekodhi. Paiva mumazuva iwayo - panguva yemazuva ake epamusoro-soro - iyo muimbi akashanyira nyika yedu. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo purofesa K. Adzhemov akarondedzera nayo mamiriro ezvinhu emakonzati ake: “Takanga tichikarira kusvika kwaCortot. Muchirimo 1936 akaita muMoscow uye Leningrad. Ndinoyeuka kuoneka kwake kwokutanga pachikuva cheGreat Hall yeMoscow Conservatory. Sezvo asina kutora nzvimbo pachiridzwa, asina kumirira kunyarara, muimbi akabva ango "rwisa" dingindira reSchumann's Symphonic Etudes. C-sharp minor chord, nekuzara kwayo kwakajeka kwekunzwika, yaiita seyaigura ruzha rwehoro isina kugadzikana. Pakamboita karunyararo.

Nechemumoyo, nemufaro, nekutaura zvine rudo, Cortot akadzokorora mifananidzo yerudo. Mukati mevhiki, imwe pashure peimwe, hunyanzvi hwake hwekuita hwakanzwika pamberi pedu: sonatas, ballads, preludes naChopin, konsati yepiyano, Schumann's Kreisleriana, Zviitiko zvevana, Mendelssohn's Serious Variations, Weber's Invitation to Dance, Sonata muB madiki uye. Liszt's Second Rhapsody… Chidimbu chega chega chakadhindwa mupfungwa semufananidzo wekuyamura, wakakosha zvikuru uye usina kujairika. Ukuru hwezvivezwa hwemifananidzo inonzwika hwakakonzerwa nekubatana kwekufungidzira kwakasimba kwemuimbi uye hunyanzvi hwepiyano hunoshamisa hwakagadziridzwa nekufamba kwemakore (kunyanya vibrato ine ruvara rwetimbres). Kunze kwevatsoropodzi vashoma vane pfungwa dzedzidzo, kududzira kwepakutanga kwaCortot kwakakunda kuyemurwa kwevateereri veSoviet. B. Yavorsky, K. Igumnov, V. Sofronitsky, G. Neuhaus vakakoshesa zvikuru unyanzvi hweKorto.

Zvakakoshawo kutaura pano maonero aKN Igumnov, muimbi ari padyo neimwe nzira, asi neimwe nzira yakatarisana nemusoro wevanoridza piyano veFrance: "Iye muenzi, mutorwa zvakaenzana kune zvese zvinongoerekana zvaitika uye kupenya kwekunze. Ane musoro, mavambo ake epfungwa ari pasi pepfungwa. Hunyanzvi hwake hwakanaka, dzimwe nguva hwakaoma. Paleti yake yekurira haina kuwanda, asi inoyevedza, haaswededzwe kune mhedzisiro yepiyano chiridzwa, anofarira cantilena uye akajeka mavara, haavavarire kurira kwakapfuma uye anoratidza yakanakisa divi retarenda rake mumunda we. lyrics. Rhythm yaro ndeyemahara, yakasarudzika rubato dzimwe nguva inotyora mutsetse wechimiro uye inoita kuti zviome kuona kubatana kunonzwisisika pakati pemitsara yega yega. Alfred Cortot akawana mutauro wake uye mumutauro uyu anodzokorora mabasa anozivikanwa evatenzi vakuru vekare. Mafungiro emimhanzi ekupedzisira mushanduro yake anowanzowana kufarira kutsva uye kukosha, asi dzimwe nguva anoshanduka kuva asingashanduki, uye ipapo muteereri ane kusava nechokwadi kwete pamusoro pekutendeseka kwemuiti, asi pamusoro pechokwadi chemukati chekududzira. Uku kwekutanga, uku kubvunza, hunhu hwaCortot, hunomutsa zano rekuita uye hahubvumire kuti rigare pasi pechinyakare chinozivikanwa. Zvisinei, Cortot haigoni kutevedzerwa. Kuzvigamuchira zvisina magumo, zviri nyore kuwira mukugadzira.

Zvadaro, vateereri vedu vakava nemukana wekuziva kuridza kwepiyano yeFrance kubva kune zvakawanda zvakarekodhwa, ukoshi hwahwo husingadzikire nekufamba kwemakore. Kune avo vanovateerera nhasi, zvakakosha kuti vayeuke maitiro eunyanzvi hwenyanzvi, izvo zvakachengetwa muzvinyorwa zvake. “Ani naani anobata dudziro yake,” anonyora kudaro mumwe wevanyori venhoroondo youpenyu hwaCortot, “anofanira kuramba nyengedzo yakadzika midzi yokuti kududzira, sezvinofungidzirwa, kupfuudzwa kwemimhanzi uku uchichengeta, kupfuura zvose, kuvimbika kurugwaro rwenziyo, “tsamba” yarwo. Sezvakangoitwa kuna Cortot, chinzvimbo chakadaro chine njodzi kuhupenyu - hupenyu hwemimhanzi. Kana iwe "uchidzora" iye nemanotsi mumaoko ake, ipapo mugumisiro unogona kungoora mwoyo, sezvo akanga asiri mumhanzi "philologist" zvachose. Haana kutadza nguva dzose uye nokusanyara muzviitiko zvose zvinogoneka - mukufamba, musimba, murubato yakabvaruka? Mifungo yake amene yakanga isingakoshi zvikuru kwaari kupfuura kuda kwomunyori here? Iye pachake akaronga nzvimbo yake sezvinotevera: "Chopin inoridzwa kwete neminwe, asi nemoyo uye fungidziro." Ichi chaive chitendero chake semuturikiri mune zvese. Zvinyorwa zvakamufadza kwete semitemo isingachinjiki, asi, kusvika pamwero wepamusoro, sekukwezva manzwiro emuiti uye muteereri, chikumbiro chaaifanira kududzira. Corto aive musiki mupfungwa yakafararira yeshoko. Muridzi wepiyano wegadziriro yemazuva ano angaita izvi here? Zvimwe kwete. Asi Cortot haana kuitwa nhapwa nechishuwo chemazuva ano chekukwana kwehunyanzvi - akange ave ngano munguva yehupenyu hwake, zvisingasviki pakutsoropodzwa. Vakaona pachiso chake kwete mutambi wepiyano chete, asi hunhu, uye nekudaro paive nezvikonzero zvakazove zvakakwirisa kupfuura "kurudyi" kana "nhema" chinyorwa: kugona kwake kupepeta, kusanzwikwa-kwedzidziso, chinzvimbo chake se. Mudzidzisi. Zvose izvi zvakagadzirawo chiremera chisingarambiki, chisina kupera kusvikira nhasi. Cortot aigona kubhadhara zvikanganiso zvake. Pachiitiko ichi, munhu anogona kunyemwerera zvinoshamisa, asi, pasinei neizvi, munhu anofanira kuteerera kududzira kwake.”

Kubwinya kwaCortot - pianist, conductor, propagandist - kwakawedzerwa nemabasa ake semudzidzisi uye munyori. Muna 1907, akagara nhaka yekirasi yaR. Punyo paParis Conservatory, uye muna 1919, pamwe chete naA. Mange, akatanga Ecole Normale, iyo yakakurumidza kuva yakakurumbira, kwaaive mutungamiriri uye mudzidzisi - akadzidzisa zvidzidzo zvekududzira muzhizha ikoko. . Chiremera chake somudzidzisi chakanga chisingaenzaniswi, uye vadzidzi vaibva munyika yose vakadirana kukirasi yake. Pakati pevaya vakadzidza naCortot panguva dzakasiyana-siyana paiva naA. Casella, D. Lipatti, K. Haskil, M. Tagliaferro, S. Francois, V. Perlemuter, K. Engel, E. Heidsieck nevamwe vakawanda vairidza piyano. Mabhuku aCortot – “French Piano Music” (mumavhoriyamu matatu), “Rational Principles of Piano Technique”, “Course of Interpretation”, “Aspects of Chopin”, editions ake nemaitiro emaitiro akatenderera pasirese.

"... Mudiki uye ane rudo rusina udyire rwemimhanzi," Claude Debussy akadaro pamusoro paCortot pakutanga kwezana ramakore redu. Corto akaramba ari mudiki uye achida mimhanzi muhupenyu hwake hwese, uye saka akaramba ari mundangariro dzemunhu wese akamunzwa achitamba kana kutaura naye.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.