Henryk Wieniawski |

Henryk Wieniawski

Venyavsky. Capriccio Waltz (Jascha Heifetz) →

Uyu munhu wadhiabhorosi, anowanzoita zvisingagoneki, uyezve, anozviita. G. Berlioz

Romanticism yakaita kuti pave nemakumi ezviuru enziyo dzekonzati dzakagadzirwa neane mukurumbira virtuosos. Vanenge vese vakakanganikwa, uye mienzaniso yehunyanzvi chete yakasara padanho rekonzati. Pakati pavo pane mabasa aG. Wieniawski. Concerto dzake, mazurkas, polonaises, zvimedu zvekonzati zvinosanganisirwa mune repertoire yevatambi vese veviolinist, ivo vane mukurumbira pachikuva nekuda kwekusapokana kwavo kwehunyanzvi hwekuita, kupenya kwenyika maitiro, uye nekuchenjera kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwechiridzwa.

Nheyo yebasa rePolish violinist mimhanzi yevanhu, iyo yaakaona kubva paudiki. Mukushandiswa kweunyanzvi, akazvidzidza kuburikidza nemabasa aF. Chopin, S. Moniuszko, K. Lipinski, uyo akatarisana nedambudziko rake. Kudzidza naS. Servachinsky, ipapo muParis naJL Massard, uye mukunyora naI. Collet kwakapa Wieniawski rovedzo yakanaka yeunyanzvi. Anga atova nemakore gumi nerimwe, akanga achigadzira Kusiyana padingindira remazurka, uye pazera remakore gumi nematatu, mabasa ake ekutanga akadhindwa - The Great Fantastic Caprice padingindira rekutanga uye Sonata Allegro (yakanyorwa nemukoma wake Jozef, mutambi wepiyano). ), iyo yakagamuchira mvumo yeBerlioz.

Kubva 1848, Venyavsky akatanga nzendo dzakakomba muEurope neRussia, iyo yakaramba ichienderera kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake. Anoita pamwe chete naF. Liszt, A. Rubinstein, A. Nikish, K. Davydov, G. Ernst, I. Joachim, S. Taneyev nevamwe, zvichiita kuti vanhu vafare nemutambo wake wemoto. Wieniawski pasina mubvunzo aive akanakisa violin panguva yake. Hapana aigona kukwikwidzana naye mukusimba kwemanzwiro uye kukura kwemutambo, kunaka kwenzwi, kunaka kunofadza. Hwaiva hunhu uhwu hwairatidzwa munziyo dzake, zvichitaridza kuwanda kwenzira dzawo dzekutaura, mifananidzo, zviridzwa zvine mavara.

Pesvedzero inobereka pakukura kwebasa raVenyavsky yakaitwa nekugara kwake muRussia, kwaakanga ari soloist mudare (1860-72), purofesa wokutanga wekirasi yeviolin paSt. Petersburg Conservatory (1862-68). Pano akava shamwari naTchaikovsky, Anton naNikolai Rubinstein, A. Esipova, C. Cui nevamwe, pano akasika nhamba huru yezvinyorwa. Muna 1872-74. Venyavsky anofamba muAmerica pamwe chete naA. Rubinstein, anozodzidzisa paBrussels Conservatory. Munguva yekushanya kweRussia muna 1879, Venyavsky akarwara zvakanyanya. Nekukumbira kwaN. Rubinstein, N. von Meck akamuisa mumba make. Pasinei nokunyatsorapwa, Venyavsky akafa asati asvika makore 45. Mwoyo wake wakakanganiswa nebasa rekoniti risingatsungiririki.

Basa raWieniawski rakabatana zvachose neviolin, sezvakaita basa reChopin nepiyano. Akaita kuti violin itaure mumutauro mutsva une mavara, akabudisa pachena zvingangoitika, zvakanaka, zvinoyevedza. Mazhinji maitiro ekutaura akawanikwa naye akagadzira hwaro hweiyo violin nzira yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Pakazara, Venyavsky akasika anenge 40 mabasa, mamwe acho akaramba asina kudhindwa. Maviri emakonti ake eviolin anozivikanwa pachikuva. Yokutanga ndeyemhando ye "big" virtuoso-romantic concerto, inobva kumakonti eN. Paganini. Iye ane makore gumi nemasere virtuoso akaigadzira panguva yekugara kwake naLiszt muWeimar uye yakaratidza mazviri kukurumidza kwehuduku, kukwidziridzwa kwekunzwa. Mufananidzo mukuru wegamba rerudo risingaregi, richikunda zvipingamupinyi zvese, rinobva mukukonana kunoshamisa nenyika kuburikidza nekufungisisa kwakasimudzika kusvika pakunyudzwa mukuyerera kwehupenyu hwemafaro.

Yechipiri konzati ndeye lyric-romantic canvas. Zvikamu zvese zvakabatanidzwa nedingindira rimwechete renziyo - dingindira rerudo, kurota kwerunako, iyo inogamuchira yakakura symphonic kukura mukonzati kubva kure, inokwezva inoyevedza, ichipokana nekuvhiringidzika kunoshamisa kwemanzwiro, kumufaro wemafaro, kukunda kwe mavambo akajeka.

Mumarudzi ese ayo Wieniawski akatendeukira, muimbi wenyika yePoland aive nemhedzisiro. Nomuzvarirwo, iyo folk flavour inonyanya kunzwika mumhando dzakakura kubva mukutamba kwePoland. Wieniawski's mazurkas mifananidzo yakajeka kubva kuhupenyu hwevanhu. Ivo vanosiyaniswa nekunaka, elastic rhythm, kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekutamba efolk violinists. Wieniawski's two polonaises ma concert virtuoso zvidimbu zvakagadzirwa pasi pesimba raChopin naLipinski (kwaari iyo Yekutanga Polonaise yakatsaurirwa). Vanopenda mifananidzo yemudungwe wakadzama, mafaro emutambo. Kana tarenda renziyo remuimbi wePoland rakaratidzwa mumazurkas, ipapo mupolonaises - chiyero uye hunyoro hunowanikwa mukuita kwake maitiro. Nzvimbo yakasimba mune repertoire yevanoridza violin yakagarwa nemitambo yakadai se "Legend", Scherzo-tarantella, Yekutanga dingindira rine misiyano, "Russian Carnival", Fantasia pane dingindira reOpera "Faust" naCh. Gounod nevamwe.

Nziyo dzeVenyavsky dzakakanganisa kwete chete mabasa akaitwa nevanoridza violin, semuenzaniso, E. Yzai, aive mudzidzi wake, kana F. Kreisler, asi kazhinji nziyo dzakawanda dzeiyo violin repertoire, zvakakwana kunongedzera kumabasa aTchaikovsky. , N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov. Iyo virtuoso yekuPoland yakagadzira yakakosha "mufananidzo weviolin", iyo inokwezva nekupenya kwekonti, nyasha, kunakidzwa kwerudo, uye nyika yechokwadi.

V. Grigoriev

Venyavsky ndiye anopenya zvakanyanya mune virtuoso-romantic art yehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Akachengeta tsika dzeunyanzvi uhwu kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake. "Yeukai, mese," akadaro pamubhedha wake wekufa kuna Nikolai Rubinstein naLeopold Auer, "Carnival yeVenice iri kufa neni."

Zvechokwadi, pamwe chete naVenyavsky, maitiro ose akanga aumbwa mukuita violin yenyika, yakasiyana, yepakutanga, yakagadzirwa nenyanzvi yePaganini, yakanga ichipera, ichidzokera munguva yakapfuura, "Venetian Carnival" iyo yakataurwa nemufananidzo wekufa.

Vakanyora nezvaVenyavsky kuti: “Uta hwake hwemashiripiti hunokwezva kwazvo, manzwi e<em>violin yake ane simba remashiripiti pamweya zvokuti munhu haagoni kunzwa zvakakwana nezvemuimbi uyu.” Mukuita kwaVenyavsky, "moto unoyera unopisa, unokukwezva iwe usingazvidi, ungave uchifadza pfungwa dzako dzese, kana kupuruzira zvinyoro nzeve dzako."

"Nemaitiro ake ekuita, akabatanidza moto, chido chePole nekunaka uye kuravira kwemuFrench, airatidza humunhu hwechokwadi, hunonakidza hwehunyanzvi hwekuita. Kutamba kwake kwakabata mwoyo yevateereri, uye akakwanisa, kusvika pamwero usingawanzoitiki, kukwanisa kukwezva vateereri kubva pakutanga kwechitarisiko chake.

Mukati mehondo dzeRomantics neClassist, achidzivirira pwere, dzinokura dzeRomantic art, Odoevsky akanyora, kuti: “Munyori weichi chinyorwa anogona nenzira yakarurama kuzviti munyori wenhau wokutsoropodza. Akadzivisa kukakavara kwakawanda pamusoro peunyanzvi, hwaanoda zvikuru, uye zvino munyaya yeunyanzvi humwe anopa inzwi rake uye, achisiya rusaruro rwose, anorayira vechidiki vedu vese vechidiki kuti vasiye chikoro chekare cheKreutzer neRodeva, chinokodzera muchikoro chedu. zana remakore rekudzidzisa chete mediocre artists yeorchestra. Vakaunganidza mutero wakanaka kubva muzana ravo - uye zvakwana. Iye zvino tave nevedu virtuosos, nechiyero chakakura, chine ndima dzinopenya, nekuimba kwerudo, nemigumisiro yakasiyana-siyana. Rega vaongorori vedu vazviti quackery. Veruzhinji uye vanhu vanoziva hunyanzvi vanokudza kutonga kwavo kwakashata nenyemwerero inoshamisa.

Kufungidzira, kukwidziridzwa kusingagoneki, kupenya uye kwakasiyana mhedzisiro, manyawi emanzwiro - aya ndiwo hunhu hwaisiyanisa kuita kwerudo, uye nehunhu uhu hwaipokana neakasimba canons echikoro chekirasi. "Zvinoita sekuti ruzha, pamhepo yeruoko rwerudyi, runobhururuka kubva paviolin yega," Odoevsky anonyora zvakare. Zvinoita sekuti shiri yakasununguka yakwira mudenga uye yakatambanudzira mapapiro ayo ane mavara mudenga.

Hunyanzvi hwevanodanana hwakapisa moyo nemurazvo wayo, uye mweya yakasimudza nekurudziro. Kunyange mhepo yakadetemba. Muimbi weviolin wokuNorway Ole Bull, ari muRoma, “akagadziridzwa muColosseum akumbirwa navamwe vaimbi, pakati pavo paiva naThorvaldsen naFernley vane mukurumbira . . . manzwi emuimbi akafuridzirwa akanzwika, uye mimvuri yevaRoma vakuru yakaratidzika, yakateerera nziyo dzake dzokuchamhembe.

Wieniawski aive akazara mubato iri, achigovana hunhu hwayo hwese, asiwo imwe yedivi redivi. Kunyange maviolinists makuru echikoro chePaganini dzimwe nguva aipira hudzamu hwemimhanzi nekuda kwekuita, uye kunaka kwavo kwakavabata zvakanyanya. Kunaka kwacho kwakafadzawo vateereri. Umbozha, kupenya uye bravura yezviridzwa zvaive zvisiri zvefashoni chete, asiwo zvaidiwa.

Zvisinei, hupenyu hwaVenyavsky hwakatora nguva mbiri. Akapona zverudo, izvo zvaidziya zvese zvakamupoteredza muhuduku hwake, uye nekuzvikudza akachengetedza tsika dzayo apo hunyanzvi hwerudo, mumhando dzayo muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, hwanga hwatofa. Panguva imwecheteyo, Venyavsky akawana simba remarudzi akasiyana-siyana erudo. Kusvikira pakati pehupenyu hwake hwekusika, iyo yakanakira iye yaive Paganini uye chete Paganini. Achitevera muenzaniso wake, Venyavsky akanyora "Russian Carnival", achishandisa migumisiro yakafanana iyo "Carnival yeVenice" yakazadzwa nayo; Paganin's harmonics uye pizzicato inoshongedza fungidziro yake yeviolin - "Memories yeMoscow", "Red Sundress". Zvinofanira kuwedzerwa kuti nyika dzePolish motifs dzaigara dzakasimba muunyanzvi hwaWieniawski, uye dzidzo yake yeParisian yakaita kuti tsika dzemimhanzi dzeFrance dzive pedyo naye. Venyavsky's instrumentalism yaizivikanwa nokuda kwekureruka kwayo, nyasha, uye kunaka, izvo zvakamuendesa kure nePaganiniev's instrumentalism.

Muchikamu chechipiri chehupenyu hwake, zvichida kwete pasina simba rehama dzeRubinstein, avo Venyavsky vaiva pedyo zvikuru, nguva yakasvika yekuda kwaMendelssohn. Anogara achitamba mabasa eLeipzig master uye, achigadzira Yechipiri Concerto, inotungamirwa zvakajeka nekonti yake yeviolin.

Nyika yekwaWieniawski iguta rekare rePolish reLublin. Akazvarwa musi waChikunguru 10, 1835 mumhuri yechiremba Tadeusz Wieniawski, uyo aive akasiyana nedzidzo uye mumhanzi. Amai remangwana violinist, Regina Venyavskaya, aiva piano yakanakisisa.

Kudzidziswa kweviolin kwakatanga pazera re6 nemuridzi weviolin wemunharaunda Jan Gornzel. Kufarira muchiridzwa ichi uye chido chokudzidza pamusoro payo zvakamuka mumukomana semugumisiro wemutambo waakanzwa pamusoro peHungary violinist Miska Gauser, uyo akapa makonti muna 1841 muLublin.

Pashure pokunge Gornzel, akaisa hwaro hwounyanzvi hwaWieniawski hwokuridza violin, mukomana wacho akaendeswa kuna Stanisław Serwaczynski. Mudzidzisi uyu akaita rombo rakanaka rekuve mudzidzisi wevaviri vevanonyanya kuridza violin vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX - Wieniawski naJoachim: panguva yekugara kwaSerwaczynski muPest, Josef Joachim akatanga kudzidza naye.

Kubudirira kwaHenryk muduku kwaishamisa zvokuti baba vake vakasarudza kumuratidza kuCzech violinist Panofka uyo akapa makonti muWarsaw. Akafadzwa netarenda remwana uye akamuraira kuti aende naye kuParis kune mudzidzisi ane mukurumbira Lambert Massard (1811-1892). Mumatsutso a1843, Henryk akaenda kuParis naamai vake. Musi waNovember 8, akabvumirwa kuvadzidzi veParis Conservatory, zvinopesana nemutemo wayo, izvo zvakabvumira kubvumirwa kwevana kubva pazera remakore 12. Venyavsky panguva iyoyo aiva nemakore 8 chete!

Sekuru vake, munun'una waamai vake, mutambi wepiyano ane mukurumbira wechiPolish Eduard Wolf, uyo aizivikanwa mumitambo yemimhanzi yeguta guru reFrance, akatora chikamu chine hupenyu mune ramangwana remukomana. Akumbirwa naWolf, Massard, pashure pokuteerera kumuimbi weviolin muduku, akaenda naye kukirasi yake.

I. Reise, munyori wehupenyu hweVenyavsky, anoti Massard, akashamiswa nekwanisi yemukomana uye kunzwa, akasarudza pane imwe nzira inoshamisa - akamumanikidza kudzidza konsati yaRudolf Kreutzer nenzeve, pasina kubata violin.

Muna 1846 Venyavsky akapedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory nekukunda, achikunda mubairo wekutanga pamakwikwi ekupedza kudzidza uye menduru huru yegoridhe. Sezvo Venyavsky aive muchengeti wekufunda weRussia, mukunda wechidiki akagamuchira Guarneri del Gesu violin kubva muunganidzwa weRussia Tsar.

Mugumo weConservatory wakanga wakajeka zvokuti Paris akatanga kutaura nezveVenyavsky. Vanaamai veviolin vanopa zvibvumirano zvekushanya kwemakonzati. Venyavskys vakakomberedzwa nekuremekedza vaPoland vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, vane Mickiewicz mumba mavo; Gioacchino Rossini anoyemura tarenda raHenryk.

Pakazosvika nguva Henryk akapedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory, amai vake vakaunza mwanakomana wavo wechipiri kuParis - Jozef, mutambi wepiyano weramangwana. Nokudaro, Wieniawskis akagara muguta guru reFrance kwemamwe makore maviri, uye Henryk akaenderera mberi nezvidzidzo zvake naMasar.

Musi waFebruary 12, 1848, hama dzeVenyavsky dzakaita konzati yekuonekana muParis ndokuenda kuRussia. Akamira kwechinguva muLublin, Henryk akaenda kuSt. Pano, musi waMarch 31, April 18, May 4 uye 16, makonzati ake ega akaitika, ayo akakunda kukunda.

Venyavsky akaunza purogiramu yake yekuchengetedza kuSt. Viotti's Seventh Concerto yakatora nzvimbo yakakurumbira mairi. Massard akadzidzisa vadzidzi vake muFrench classical chikoro. Tichifunga nezveongororo yeSt. Petersburg, muimbi wechidiki akaridza Viotti Concerto nemadiro, achiishongedza ne“zvishongedzo zvakawandisa.” Maitiro akadaro e "kuzorodza" echinyakare aive asiri ega panguva iyoyo, virtuosos zhinji dzakatadza neizvi. Nekudaro, haana kusangana nekunzwira tsitsi kubva kune vateveri vechikoro chekirasi. "Zvinogona kufungidzirwa," muongorori akanyora, "kuti Venyavsky haasati anzwisisa kudzikama, kusimba kweiyi basa."

Ehe, pwere yemuimbi yakakanganisawo kuda kwehunhu hwakanaka. Zvisinei, ipapo akanga atorova kwete chete nehunyanzvi, asiwo nemoto manzwiro. "Mwana uyu inyanzvi isina kupokana," akadaro Vieuxtan, aivepo pakonzati yake, "nekuti pazera rake hazvibviri kutamba nekunzwa kuda, uye kunyanya nekunzwisisa kwakadaro uye kuronga kwakadzama kwakadzama. . Chikamu chemuchina chemutambo wake chinoshanduka, asi kunyangwe iye zvino anotamba nenzira isina kana mumwe wedu akatamba pazera rake.

Muzvirongwa zveVenyavsky, vateereri vanofadzwa kwete chete nemutambo, asiwo nemabasa ake. Mukomana uyu anonyora marudzi akasiyana-siyana akasiyana-siyana uye mitambo - yerudo, nocturne, nezvimwe.

Kubva kuSt. Petersburg, amai nemwanakomana vanoenda kuFinland, Revel, Riga, uye kubva ikoko kuenda kuWarsaw, uko kukunda kutsva kwakamirira mutambi weviolin. Zvisinei, Venyavsky anorota kuenderera mberi nedzidzo yake, ikozvino mukuumbwa. Vabereki vanokumbira mvumo kubva kuzviremera zveRussia kuti vaende kuParis zvakare, uye muna 1849 amai nevanakomana vakaenda kuFrance. Ari munzira, muDresden, Henryk anotamba pamberi peakakurumbira wePolish violinist Karol Lipinski. "Aifarira Genek zvikuru," Venyavskaya anonyorera murume wake. “Taitoridza Mozart Quartet, ndiko kuti, Lipinski naGenek vairidza violin, uye Yuzik neni tairidza mativi e<em>cello ne<em>viola papiyano. Zvainakidza, asi paivawo nemashura. Purofesa Lipinski akakumbira Genek kuridza violin yekutanga. Unofunga kuti mukomana wacho ari kunyara here? Akatungamira quartet sekunge aiziva zvibodzwa zvakanaka. Lipinski akatipa tsamba yekurumbidza kuna Liszt.

MuParis, Wieniawski akadzidza kuumbwa kwegore naHippolyte Collet. Tsamba dzaamai vake dzinoti ari kushanda nesimba pamifananidzo yeKreutzer uye anoda kunyora zvidzidzo zvake. Anoverenga zvakawanda: vaanofarira ndiHugo, Balzac, George Sand naStendhal.

Asi iko zvino kudzidziswa kwapera. Pabvunzo yekupedzisira, Wieniawski anoratidza zvaakaita semunyori - "Village Mazurka" uye Fantasia pamadingindira kubva kuopera "Muporofita" naMeyerbeer. Zvakare - mubayiro wekutanga! "Hector Berlioz ave anoyemura tarenda revanakomana vedu," Venyavskaya anonyorera murume wake.

Henrik asati avhura nzira yakakura yekonsati virtuoso. Iye mudiki, akanaka, anoyevedza, ane hunhu hwakavhurika hunofadza hunokwezva mwoyo kwaari, uye mutambo wake unokwezva vateereri. Mubhuku "The Magic Violin" rakanyorwa naE. Chekalsky, rine kubata kwebhuku retabloid, zvakawanda zvine muto zvemudiki muimbi Don Juan adventures anopihwa.

1851-1853 Venyavsky akashanyira Russia, achiita rwendo rukuru panguva iyoyo kumaguta makuru muEurope chikamu chenyika. Mukuwedzera kuSt. Petersburg neMoscow, iye nomunun’una wake vakashanyira Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Poltava, Voronezh, Kursk, Tula, Penza, Orel, Tambov, Saratov, Simbirsk, vachipa anenge mazana maviri emakonzati mumakore maviri.

Bhuku remukurumbira weRussia violinist V. Bezekirsky rinotsanangura chiitiko chinoda kuziva kubva muupenyu hweVenyavsky, iyo inoratidzira unhu hwake husingadzorwi, godo rakanyanyisa kubudirira kwake mune unyanzvi. Ichi chikamu chinonakidzawo pakuti chinoratidza kuti Venyavsky aibata sei zvinzvimbo zvisina tsarukano apo kuzvikudza kwake senyanzvi kwakakuvadzwa.

Rimwe zuva muna 1852, Venyavsky akapa konzati muMoscow naWilma Neruda, mumwe wevakakurumbira veCzech violin virtuosos. “Manheru ano, mumhanzi unofadza zvikuru, wakaratidzwa netsvina huru ine miuyo inosuruvarisa. Venyavsky akaridza muchikamu chekutanga, uye, zvechokwadi, nekubudirira kukuru, mune yechipiri - Neruda, uye paakapedza, Vieuxtan, uyo akanga ari muhoro, akamuunza bouquet. Vateereri, sokunge vari kutora mukana weiyi nguva yakafanira, vakapa virtuoso inoshamisa inzwi rine ruzha. Izvi zvakarwadza Venyavsky zvakanyanya zvokuti akangoerekana abudazve pachikuva aine violin uye akataura nenzwi guru kuti aida kuratidza ukuru hwake pamusoro peNeruda. Vateereri vakatsvikinyidzana pachikuva, pakati pavo paiva nemukuru wemauto akanga asingazezi kutaura zvinonzwika. Akafara Venyavsky, achida kutanga kutamba, akarova mukuru pafudzi neuta hwake ndokumukumbira kuti arege kutaura. Zuva rakatevera, Venyavsky akagamuchira murairo kubva kuna Gavhuna-General Zakrevsky kuti abve kuMoscow pa24 o'clock.

Mukutanga kwehupenyu hwake, 1853 inomira, yakapfuma mumakonzati (Moscow, Karlsbad, Marienbad, Aachen, Leipzig, uko Venyavsky akashamisa vateereri nekonsati ichangobva kupera fis-moll) nekunyora mabasa. Henryk anoita seanobatikana zvikuru nekugadzira zvinhu. Yekutanga polonaise, "Memories yeMoscow", etudes ye solo violin, akati wandei mazurkas, elegiac adagio. Kudanana kusina mazwi uye Rondo zvose zvakadzokera ku1853. Ichokwadi kuti zvakawanda zvepamusoro zvakanyorwa kare uye zvino zvakangogamuchira kupera kwayo kwekupedzisira.

Muna 1858, Venyavsky akava pedyo Anton Rubinstein. Makonzati avo muParis anobudirira zvikuru. Muchirongwa, pakati pezvakajairwa zvidimbu zve virtuoso pane Beethoven Concerto uye Kreutzer Sonata. Mukamuri manheru Venyavsky akaita Rubinstein's quartet, imwe yeBach's sonatas uye vatatu vaMendelssohn. Zvakadaro, matambiro ake ekutamba anoramba aine virtuoso. Mumutambo weThe Carnival of Venice, imwe ongororo yakaitwa muna 1858 inoti, “akawedzera kutsvinda uye majee akaunzwa mufashoni nevaakatangira.”

Gore ra1859 rakava shanduko yehupenyu hweVenyavsky. Yakaratidzwa nezviitiko zviviri - kubatanidzwa kuna Isabella Osborne-Hampton, hama yemuimbi weChirungu uye mwanasikana waIshe Thomas Hampton, uye kukoka kuSt. bazi reSt. Petersburg reRussian Musical Society.

Imba yaVenyavsky yakaitwa muParis munaAugust 1860. Muchato wacho wakapindwa naBerlioz naRossini. Pakukumbira kwevabereki vemwenga, Venyavsky akachengetedza hupenyu hwake nokuda kwemari inoshamisa ye200 francs. “Mipiro yakakura kwazvo yaifanira kubhadharwa gore negore kukambani yeinishuwarenzi yakazokonzera matambudziko emari nguva dzose kuna Venyavsky uye chimwe chezvikonzero zvakaita kuti afe zvisingatarisirwi,” anowedzera kudaro munyori woupenyu hweSoviet wemuimbi weviolin I. Yampolsky.

Pashure pemuchato, Venyavsky akatora Isabella kunyika yake. Kwenguva yakati vaigara Lublin, ipapo vakatamira Warsaw, uko vakava shamwari dzepedyo Moniuszko.

Venyavsky akauya kuSt. Petersburg munguva yekukurumidza kuwedzera muhupenyu hwevanhu. Muna 1859, Russian Musical Society (RMO) yakavhurwa, muna 1861 shanduko dzakatanga dzakaparadza nzira yekare ye serfdom muRussia. Nekuda kwavo kwese-moyo, shanduko idzi dzakachinja zvakanyanya chokwadi cheRussia. Ma60s akaratidzirwa nekusimudzirwa kwakasimba kwemazano anosunungura, edemocracy, izvo zvakaita kuti pave nechido cherudzi uye chokwadi mumunda wehunyanzvi. Pfungwa dzekuvhenekerwa kwedemocracy dzakavhiringidza pfungwa dzakanakisa, uye hunhu hwaVenyavsky hwakasimba, hongu, hwaisagona kuramba husina hanya nezviri kuitika zvakapoteredza. Pamwe chete naAnton Rubinstein, Venyavsky akatora chikamu chakananga uye chinoshingaira musangano reRussia Conservatory. Mumatsutso e1860, makirasi emimhanzi akavhurwa muRMO system - mutungamiri wekuchengetedza. “Masimba enziyo akanakisisa epanguva iyoyo, akanga ari muSt. Petersburg,” Rubinstein akanyora gare gare, “akapa basa rawo nenguva nokuda kwomuripo une mwero zvikuru, kudai bedzi aizoisa hwaro hwechikonzero chakaisvonaka: Leshetitsky, Nissen-Saloman, Venyavsky nevamwe vakazvitora zvakaitika ... mumakirasi edu emimhanzi muMikhailovsky Palace chete sirivha ruble pachidzidzo.

Pane yakavhurika Conservatory, Venyavsky akava purofesa wavo wokutanga mukirasi violin uye chamber ensemble. Akatanga kufarira kudzidzisa. Vechidiki vakawanda vane tarenda vakadzidza mukirasi yake - K. Putilov, D. Panov, V. Salin, uyo akazova vatambi vakakurumbira uye mimhanzi. Dmitry Panov, mudzidzisi weConservatory, akatungamirira Russian Quartet (Panov, Leonov, Egorov, Kuznetsov); Konstantin Putilov akanga ari muimbi ane mukurumbira wekonzati, Vasily Salin akadzidzisa muKharkov, Moscow neChisinau, uye aiitawo zviitiko zvemukamuri. P. Krasnokutsky, akazova mubatsiri waAuer, akatanga kudzidza naVenyavsky; I. Altani akasiya kirasi yeVenyavsky, kunyange zvazvo achinyatsozivikanwa semutungamiri, kwete violinist. Kazhinji, Venyavsky vakashanda vanhu gumi nevaviri.

Sezviri pachena, Venyavsky akanga asina hurongwa hwekudzidzisa uye akanga asiri mudzidzisi mupfungwa yakasimba yezwi, kunyange zvazvo purogiramu yakanyorwa naye, yakachengetedzwa muState Historical Archive muLeningrad, inoratidza kuti akatsvaka kudzidzisa vadzidzi vake pane zvakasiyana-siyana. repertoire yaive nenhamba huru yezvinyorwa zvekare. "Maari uye mukirasi, nyanzvi huru, isingafungidziri, yakatakurwa, isina kuzvidzora, isina kurongeka, yakave nemigumisiro," akanyora kudaro V. Bessel, achiyeuka makore ezvidzidzo zvake. Asi, "zvinopera pasina kutaura kuti zvirevo uye kuratidzwa pachako, ndiko kuti, kushanda mukirasi yezvikamu zvakaoma, pamwe chete nezviratidzo zvakakodzera zvemaitiro ekuita, zvose izvi, zvakatorwa pamwe chete, zvaiva nemutengo wakakwirira. ” Mukirasi, Venyavsky akaramba ari muimbi, muimbi akakwezva vadzidzi vake uye akavakurudzira nekutamba kwake uye hunyanzvi hwekuita.

Mukuwedzera kune pedagogy, Venyavsky akaita mamwe mabasa akawanda muRussia. Aive muimbi ari ega muochestra paImperial Opera neBallet Theatres, muimbi ari ega mudare, uye aiitawo semutyairi. Asi, chokwadi, kunyanya Venyavsky aiva konzati mutambi, akapa akawanda solo Concerts, akaridza ensembles, akatungamirira RMS quartet.

Iyo quartet yakaridzwa muna 1860-1862 ine nhengo dzinotevera: Venyavsky, Pikkel, Weikman, Schubert; kubvira 1863, Karl Schubert akatsiviwa nomukurumbira Russian cellist Karl Yulievich Davydov. Munguva pfupi, quartet yebazi reSt. Petersburg reRMS yakava imwe yezvakanakisisa muEurope, kunyange zvazvo venyavsky vemazuva ano vakacherechedza zvikanganiso zvakawanda se quartetist. Hunhu hwake hwerudo hwaive hwakanyanya kupisa uye kuzvida kuti zvichengetwe mukati mehurongwa hwakasimba hwekuita ensemble. Uye zvakadaro, basa renguva dzose mu quartet rakaronga kunyange iye, akaita kuti kuita kwake kuve kwakakura uye kwakadzika.

Zvisinei, kwete chete quartet, asi mhepo yose yehupenyu hwemimhanzi yeRussia, kukurukurirana nevaimbi vakadai saA. Rubinstein, K. Davydov, M. Balakirev, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, vaiva nemigumisiro inobatsira paVenyavsky se muimbi munzira dzakawanda. Basa raWienyavsky pachake rinoratidza kuti kufarira kwaakaita muhunyanzvi hwekuita bravura kwadzikira uye kuda kwake mazwi kwakawedzera.

Repertoire yake yekonzati yakachinjawo, umo nzvimbo hombe yakagarwa nevekare - Chaconne, solo sonatas uye partitas naBach, violin concerto, sonatas uye quartets naBeethoven. Pakati pe sonatas yaBeethoven, akasarudza Kreutzer. Zvichida, akanga ari pedyo naye mukupenya kwake kwekonzati. Venyavsky kakawanda akatamba Kreutzer Sonata naA. Rubinstein, uye panguva yekugara kwake kwekupedzisira muRussia, akambotamba naS. Taneyev. Akanyora cadenzas yake yeBeethoven's Violin Concerto.

Tsanangudzo yeVenyavsky yemakirasi anopupurira kudzika kwehunyanzvi hwake hwekuita. Muna 1860, paakatanga kusvika muRussia, mumwe aigona kurava mukuhwirudzurwa kwamakonzati ake: “Kana tikatonga zvakasimba, tisingatakurwi noungwaru, hazvibviri kusacherechedza kuti kudzikama kwakawanda, kutya kushoma mukuridza kuno kungava kunobatsira kuwedzera pakukwana” ( Tiri kutaura nezvekuita kwekonsati yaMendelssohn). Makore mana gare gare, kuongororwa kwekuita kwake kweimwe yemaquartets ekupedzisira aBeethoven neanoziva akajeka saIS Turgenev ane hunhu hwakasiyana zvachose. Pana Ndira 14, 1864, Turgenev akanyorera Pauline Viardot kuti: “Nhasi ndanzwa Beethoven Quartet, Op. 127 (posthume), yakaridzwa nekukwana naVenyavsky naDavydov. Yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo neyaMorin naChevillard. Wieniawski akura zvisingaite kubva pandakapedzisira kumunzwa; akaridza Bach's Chaconne ye solo violin nenzira yekuti akakwanisa kuzviita kuti ateerere kunyangwe mushure measingaenzaniswi Joachim.

Hupenyu hweVenyavsky hwakachinja zvishoma kunyangwe mushure mekuroora kwake. Haana kumbodzikama zvake. Tafura yokubhejera ichiri yakasvibira uye vakadzi vakamukoka kwavari.

Auer akasiya mufananidzo mupenyu waWieniawski mutambi. Pane imwe nguva muWiesbaden akashanyira kasino. “Pandakapinda mucasino, unofunga kuti ndiani wandakaona ari kure, kana asiri Henryk Wieniawski, akauya kwandiri achibva kuseri kweimwe yematafura ekubhejera, akareba, aine bvudzi refu dema la Liszt nemaziso mahombe akasviba anoratidza ... akandiudza kuti vhiki yapfuura kuti akanga atamba muCaen, kuti akanga abva kuSt. Petersburg naNikolai Rubinstein, uye kuti panguva yaakandiona, akanga akabatikana. basa pane imwe yematafura ekubhejera, akashandisa "system" chaiyo zvekuti aitarisira kuparadza bhangi reWiesbaden kasino munguva pfupi. Iye naNikolai Rubinstein vakabatanidza misoro yavo pamwe chete, uye sezvo Nikolai aine hunhu hwakadzikama, iye zvino anoenderera mberi nemutambo ari ega. Venyavsky akanditsanangurira zvose zve "system" iyi isinganzwisisike, iyo, maererano naye, inoshanda pasina kukanganisa. Kubva pavakasvika,” akandiudza kudaro, “anenge masvondo maviri apfuura, mumwe nemumwe wavo akaisa 1000 francs mubhizinesi ravose, uye kubva pazuva rekutanga rinovaunzira mazana mashanu emafranc epurofiti zuva nezuva.

Rubinstein naVenyavsky vakakwevera Auer mu "basa" ravo zvakare. "Sitimu" yeshamwari dzese dziri mbiri dzakashanda zvakanaka kwemazuva akati wandei, uye shamwari dzakararama hupenyu husina hanya uye hunofadza. "Ndakatanga kugamuchira chikamu changu chemari uye ndanga ndichifunga nezvekusiya basa rangu muDüsseldorf kuti ndiwane basa rechigarire muWiesbaden kana Baden-Baden kuti" ndishande" maawa akati wandei pazuva zvichienderana ne "system" yakakurumbira ... rimwe zuva Rubinstein akaonekwa, achirasikirwa nemari yose.

– Tichaitei zvino? ndakabvunza. – Kuita? akapindura, "kuita? “Tichadya masikati!”

Venyavsky akagara muRussia kusvikira 1872. Makore 4 zvisati zvaitika, kureva, muna 1868, akasiya nzvimbo yekuchengetedza, achipa Auer. Zvingangodaro, akanga asingadi kugara mushure mokunge Anton Rubinstein amusiya, uyo akasiya semutungamiriri muna 1867 nekuda kwekusawirirana nevakawanda vevadzidzisi. Venyavsky aiva shamwari huru yaRubinstein uye, sezviri pachena, mamiriro ezvinhu akaitika panzvimbo yekuchengetedza mushure mekubva kwaAnton Grigorievich akava asingagamuchiriki kwaari. Nezvekubva kwake kubva kuRussia muna 1872, munyaya iyi, zvichida, kukakavara kwake naGavhuna weWarsaw, mutongi anotyisa weumambo hwePoland, Count FF Berg, akaita basa.

Pane imwe nguva, pakonzati yedare, Wieniawski akagamuchira kokero kubva kuBerg kuti amushanyire muWarsaw kuti ape konzati. Zvisinei, paakasvika kuna gavhuna, akamudzinga muhofisi, achiti akanga asina nguva yokuita makonzati. Vachibva, Venyavsky akatendeukira kune adjutant:

"Ndiudze, mutevedzeri anogara achiremekedza vashanyi?" - Hongu! akadaro mubatsiri akangwara. "Handina chimwe chandingaita kunze kwekukukorokotedza," akadaro mutambi weviolin, achionekana nemubatsiri.

Mutongi wacho paakataura mashoko aWieniawski kuna Berg, akashatirwa ndokurayira kuti muimbi wacho akasindimara abudiswe muWarsaw na24 o'clock nokuda kwokutuka mukuru mukuru wetsarist. Wieniawski akaonekwa achibviswa nemaruva nemumhanzi wese Warsaw. Asi chiitiko chagavhuna chakachinja chinzvimbo chake mudare reRussia. Saka, nokuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu, Venyavsky aifanira kusiya nyika yaakapa makore gumi nemaviri emakore akanakisisa ehupenyu hwake.

Hupenyu husina hurongwa, waini, mutambo wemakadhi, vakadzi vakakanganisa hutano hwaWieniawski pakutanga. Chirwere chemwoyo chakakomba chakatanga muRussia. Zvakatonyanya kuipa kwaari irwendo rwekuenda kuUnited States muna 1872 naAnton Rubinstein, panguva iyo vakapa makonzati 244 mumazuva 215. Mukuwedzera, Venyavsky akaramba achitungamirira hupenyu hwemusango. Akatanga kufambidzana nemuimbi Paola Lucca. “Pakati pemakonzati nemitambo yakashata, mutambi weviolin akawana nguva yokubhejera. Zvaiita sokuti akanga achipisa upenyu hwake nemaune, asingaregi utano hwake hwaiva husina kunaka.

Kupisa, kushatirwa, kutorwa neshungu, Venyavsky aigona kuzviponesa here? Mushure mezvose, akapisa mune zvose - mune unyanzvi, murudo, muupenyu. Mukuwedzera, akanga asina ukama hupi nohupi hwomudzimu nomudzimai wake. Mudiki, anoremekedzwa bourgeois, akazvara vana vana, asi aisakwanisa, uye aisada kuva akakwirira kupfuura nyika yemhuri yake. Aingofunga nezvekudya zvinonaka zvemurume wake. Akamupa zvokudya pasinei nokuti Venyavsky, uyo akanga achikora uye achirwara nemoyo, akanga ane ngozi inouraya. Zvido zveunyanzvi zvemurume wake zvakaramba zvisingazivikanwi kwaari. Saka, mumhuri, hapana chakamuchengeta, hapana chaimupa kugutsikana. Isabella akanga asiri kwaari izvo Josephine Aeder aive kuViet Nam, kana Maria Malibran-Garcia kuna Charles Bériot.

Muna 1874 akadzokera kuEurope achirwara chaizvo. Mumatsutso egore rimwe chetero, akakokwa kuBrussels Conservatory kuti atore nzvimbo yepurofesa weviolin panzvimbo yeViettan yakasiya basa. Venyavsky akabvuma. Pakati pevamwe vadzidzi, Eugene Ysaye akadzidza naye. Zvisinei, apo, pashure pokunge apora pachirwere chake, Vietang akashuva kudzokera kuimba inochengeterwa vana muna 1877, Wieniawski nechido akaenda kundosangana naye. Makore ekufamba nzendo auya zvakare, uye izvi zvine hutano hwakaparadzwa zvachose!

November 11, 1878 Venyavsky akapa konzati muBerlin. Joachim akaunza kirasi yake yose kukonzati yake. Masimba akange ave kutomubirira, akamanikidzwa kutamba akagara. Nepakati pekonzati, kugwinha gwinha kwakamumanikidza kurega kutamba. Zvino, kuitira kuchengetedza mamiriro acho ezvinhu, Joachim akatsika pachikuva uye akapedzisa manheru nekutamba Bach's Chaconne nezvimwe zvidimbu zvakati wandei.

Kusachengeteka kwemari, kudiwa kwekubhadhara inishuwarenzi kwakamanikidza Venyavsky kuti arambe achipa makonti. Pakupera kwa1878, pakukoka kwaNikolai Rubinstein, akaenda kuMoscow. Kunyangwe panguva ino, mutambo wake unokwezva vateereri. Pamusoro pekonzati yacho, yakaitwa pana December 15, 1878, ivo vakanyora, kuti: “Vateereri uye, sezvazvairatidzika kwatiri, munyori wacho amene, akakanganwa chinhu chiri chose ndokuendeswa kunyika ine mashiripiti.” Paiva panguva yekushanya uku apo Venyavsky akaridza Kreutzer Sonata naTaneyev musi waDecember 17.

Koniti haina kubudirira. Zvekare, seBerlin, muimbi akamanikidzwa kukanganisa kuita mushure mechikamu chekutanga che sonata. Arno Gilf, mudzidzisi wechidiki paMoscow Conservatory, akapedza kumuridzira.

Musi waDecember 22, Venyavsky aifanira kutora chikamu mukonzati yerudo achifarira homwe yekubatsira chirikadzi nenherera dzevanyori. Pakutanga aida kuridza Beethoven Concerto, asi akaitsiva neMendelssohn Concerto. Nekudaro, achinzwa kuti akange asisakwanise kutamba chigamba chikuru, akafunga kuzvivharira pazvidimbu zviviri - Beethoven's Romance muF major uye The Legend yezvaakaita. Asi akatadza kuzadzisa chinangwa ichi zvakare - mushure meRomance akabva padanho.

Munzvimbo iyi, Venyavsky akasiya pakutanga 1879 kumaodzanyemba kweRussia. Ndokutanga rwendo rwake rwekonzati rwekupedzisira. Mushandi wacho aive muimbi ane mukurumbira wechiFrench Desiree Artaud. Vakasvika Odessa, apo, pashure mitambo miviri (February 9 uye 11) Venyavsky akarwara. Pakanga pasina mubvunzo wokuenderera mberi nerwendo. Akarara muchipatara kweinenge mwedzi miviri, nechinetso akapa (April 14) imwe konzati ndokudzokera kuMoscow. Musi waNovember 20, 1879, chirwere chacho zvakare chakabata Wieniawski. Akaiswa muchipatara cheMariinsky, asi nekusimbirira kwemukurumbira weRussian philanthropist NF von Meck, musi waKukadzi 14, 1880, akachinjirwa kumba kwake, kwaakatariswa zvakanyanya uye kutarisirwa. Shamwari dzevaimbi veviolin dzakaronga konzati muSt. Petersburg, mari yakazobva kunobhadhara inishuwarenzi ndokupa mhuri yekwaWieniawski mari yeinishuwarenzi. Koniti iyi yakapindwa na AG na NG Rubinstein, K. Davydov, L. Auer, munin’ina wemuimbi weviolinist Józef Wieniawski nevamwe vanyori vakuru.

Musi waMarch 31, 1880, Venyavsky akafa. “Takarasikirwa maari nomuridzi we<em>violin asingaenzaniswi,” akanyora kudaro P. Tchaikovsky von Meck, “uye munyori ane chipo chikuru. Mune izvi, ini ndinoona Wieniawski ane chipo chakapfuma. Ngano yake inoyevedza uye zvimwe zvikamu zve c-diki konsati zvinopupurira tarenda rakakomba rekugadzira.

Musi waApril 3, musangano wekuyeuka wakaitwa muMoscow. Vachitungamirirwa naN. Rubinstein, vaimbi, kwaya uye vaimbi veSolo veBolshoi Theatre vakaita Mozart's Requiem. Ipapo bhokisi rine madota eWieniawski rakaendeswa kuWarsaw.

Mudungwe wemariro wakasvika muWarsaw musi wa8 Kubvumbi. Guta rakanga richichema. “Muchechi huru yeSt. Cross, yakasimudzwa zvakakwana mumucheka wekuchema, pamotokari yakakwirira, yakakomberedzwa nemarambi esirivha nemakenduru anopfuta, yakazorora bhokisi, rakasimudzwa nevelvet yepepuru uye rakashongedzwa zvakanaka nemaruva. Mhomho yemaruva anoshamisa akarara pabhokisi uye pamatanho emota inotakura vanhu. Pakati pebhokisi pakanga pane violin yemuimbi mukuru, zvose zviri mumaruva uye chifukidziro chekuchema. Vaimbi vePolish opera, vadzidzi venzvimbo yekuchengetedza uye nhengo dzesangano remimhanzi vakaridza Moniuszko's Requiem. Kunze kwe "Ave, Maria" neCherubini, mabasa chete nevanyori vePoland akaitwa. Mudiki, ane tarenda reviolinist G. Bartsevich zvechokwadi akaita nhetembo Ngano yeVenyavsky, aine organ accompaniment.

Saka guta guru rePoland rakaona muimbi parwendo rwake rwekupedzisira. Akavigwa, maererano nechido chake, chaakataura kakawanda asati afa, pamakuva ePovoznkovsky.

L. Raaben